清洁的良心与全人的成圣(上)——从中国化的视角看基督教的良心观及其现实意义

一、引言 基督徒在现实生活中遇到具体的道德问题时,总会想到从信仰的角度做出判断:一方面我们不想"任意妄为",做违背信仰原则的事,这既不荣耀上帝,也会给自己的灵性带来亏损;另一方面,基督徒借着正确的道德判断和伦理选择,也可以在生活中做出美好的见证,荣神益人.     

“5E2R”医学伦理学教学模式的构建和具体应用

"5E2R"医学伦理学教学模式以反思平衡方法为理论指导,以提升伦理决策能力为目标导向,包含七个教学环节:呈现、导出、解释、反思、修正、平衡和评价。在该教学模式中,教师创设具体情境、凝练目标伦理问题,针对该问题导出学生的初始道德判断,引导学生援引既有伦理理论、原则对初始道德判断进行解释,通过反复反省和检视,发现既有伦理理论、原则与初始道德判断之间的冲突,尝试着不断修正初始道德判断或既有伦理理论、原则,从而达成二者的双向融贯与平衡,以获得有效辩护的伦理回答和伦理决策。最终,教师比照教学目标并总结反思目标完成情况。     

"伦理"与"道德"辨析

在日常使用中,"伦理"与"道德"往往被当作同义词或近义词使用,这种现象已经引起了学术理论的混乱,本文归纳了学术界目前现存的几种有代表性的理论观点,并对"伦理"与"道德"的东西方涵义及二者的相互关系进行了辨析与梳理。笔者认为,西方的伦理与道德的涵义相近,但与中文里伦理与道德的涵义有别;中文里伦理与道德的涵义存在着本质的区别。东西方的词源词义不可能完全对应,更不能以西方文化中伦理与道德的词源学涵义来取代中国文化里伦理与道德的基本涵义。对二者的正确理解必须依赖于相应的文化背景。     

道德本性谋划的儒家进路——以樊浩先生“‘德’—‘得’相通”论为中心的讨论

樊浩先生提出了一个观点:"德"、"得"相通是中国伦理精神的价值原理。其要义在于:中国伦理同时具有目的价值和工具价值,并由此形成道德理想主义与道德实用主义互为依托的特质;此种特质解决了"德""得"之间的张力,并指向个体至善与社会至善的统一。以儒家经典为分析文本展开思考,"德者,得也"中存在着道德本性谋划的两种进路:主流儒家以道德为目的性之存在,事功学派以道德为工具性之存在,而"德""得"之张力则在大众文化中得以消弭。因之,樊先生虽然准确把握了中国伦理精神的特殊旨趣,却没有具体解答这两种儒家进路在中国文化中的发展线索与实际影响。儒家伦理形态能否成为当下的道德救穷之途,或可从其中得到启示。     

民国道院与基督教的互动:文本与个案研究

道院是民国新兴的统合性教门宗教。本文首先分析道院扶乩文中多次出现的耶稣临坛降训内容,指出其用意乃以基督教教主之名确认道院教义的真理性,并由此敦促参与道院活动的基督徒改教。继而通过基督徒侯雪舫皈依道院的个案,分析"高知型"基督教人士从道德伦理的正确性和灵异功用对扶乩活动作出价值判定,将扶乩之劝善与基督教追求之社会伦理相等同,并由此接纳和支持道院。     

爱是永不止息——美满婚姻的要素

在以下一组以"爱是永不止息"家庭、婚姻系列分享和见证中,我们得到一些不仅是基督徒个人德行或道德品格及做人处世的一些方法,更重要的是从中凸显出基督教伦理意义,我们在基督里获得新生命的人,应在满有恩典的新生命中作出正确的伦理道德抉择,使我们与基督一样,在首先和性情上成为一个有美德的人,以致达到基督徒生命的目标。     

心理咨询中的伦理问题

本以心理咨询中三个方面的问题：1)咨询师的态度、理论立场；2)咨询中的道德两难选择；和3)咨询师的自我保健为例，讨论在职业伦理规范之外，却存在于心理咨询整个过程中，心理咨询师可能碰到的伦理道德选择和判断，指出在心理咨询实践中存在着很多无法直接套用职业伦理规范、却属于道德伦理范畴的问题，咨询师们应该不断思考。     

动物伦理的几个理论焦点与道德难题

人类道德文明发展史,是一部人类道德关怀对象逐渐扩展的历史。动物伦理是人类道德文明发展的逻辑必然。但动物伦理存在着几个焦点问题和道德难题:人类确立道德是为了什么?即人类道德的目的是"人类中心主义"还是"非人类中心主义"?即动物是否具有自为的内在价值?动物是否拥有权利?这是当代最新颖、最富有挑战性的伦理学问题。动物是否应该得到道德关怀并受到道德对待?即动物是否应当成为"道德共同体"中的道德顾客或道德承受者?     

论《孟子》德性修养过程中的道德失败

通过对孟子德性修养过程的讨论,可以为信广来指出的孟子关于道德失败问题中存在的两点疑难给出解释:耳目之官是否为道德失败负全责,"心"又和道德失败的关系如何;名誉的追求为何一方面呈现积极的道德意义,另一方面又成为道德失败的缘由。从德性发展作为一个过程来看,一方面存在着阶段性的道德评价标准,另一方面又存在着一个最高的道德准则,这使得孟子对道德失败的问题在不同的文本中表现出截然不同的态度。通过对道德失败不同层面的分析,我们发现在《孟子》中可以解读出从社会性欲求与儒家伦理之结合的德性发展维度。在这一维度中"他人的认同"和"好名"比起感官欲望的追求来说,有着更高的道德价值。虽然"好名"比起最终的道德动机之纯粹是一种道德失败,但是在能够放弃物质欲求而实践儒家伦理方面又有着积极的意义。在道德失败问题上,"好名"所象征的人的社会性一面可能在整个德性养成中成为一个重要的中介环节。在德性修养的实践层面上,这样一种对人的社会性发展过程的肯定也可能为从"四端"到"四德"逻辑上推类和情感上扩充所不能解决的德性发展的问题提供新的解决思路。     

道德的博弈:一种伦理学的诠释

当人们借用博弈模型来分析人类活动时,所隐喻的是博弈境遇中凸现出来的人类行为及其合作秩序出现的伦理问题.从霍布斯的"傻子"到休谟的"农夫困境",无不体现伦理语境中对博弈问题的关注,而以协定道德来诠释合作秩序的实现,却又存在着理论上的症结.面对诚实不足和伪装难题,道德的博弈何以可能?诚实不只是作为一种合作性实践的最优策略,更是一种人们意愿践行正义的美德.     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.