心理宣泄究竟是有益还是有害?——宣泄的心理干预效果及潜在危害

宣泄经典理论认为, 发泄能够有效地缓解愤怒情绪和攻击冲动, 然而, 直接宣泄、间接宣泄及目标宣泄对攻击性影响的大量实验研究揭示了宣泄的潜在危害性及其作用机制, 宣泄不但不能降低愤怒反而会通过认知加工等因素提升攻击性。尽管如此, 大众仍青睐于宣泄这种看似便捷的情绪调节方式, 如宣泄设备已成为心理咨询机构的标准配置。这不仅反映了人们对心理宣泄的片面认知, 更折射出了目前我国社会心理服务体系建设缺乏科学化和规范化。未来研究应重视, 普遍使用宣泄设备作为现代心理干预手段可能存在的问题与解决路径。     

What is analysis?

This paper attempts to discern a ground for doing depth psychological work in times of disappearance, loss and the absence of the gods. Through the poetry of Friedrich Hölderlin, and to a lesser extent, Rainer Maria Rilke, it seeks to discover the significance of fragmentation and conflagration in the manifestations of both psyche and the post-industrial landscape we inhabit. What does the ‘death of god’ mean for our notions of symbol and self and for the practice of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis? How do we understand our daily clinical work in the context of ruin, holocaust and despair?     

A theory of catharsis

This paper first discusses the history of the idea of catharsis, suggesting that the differences between the advocates of catharsis and its critics may be reconcilable. A definition of emotion is proposed which involves interactions between biological, psychological, and social systems. This definition gives rise to a theory of catharsis which seems to reconcile the claims of the advocates of catharsis with the criticisms that have been made of their claims. The discussion of the theory also suggests methods of testing it. As a preliminary example of one such test, the results of a pilot study of the effects of laughter on tension levels are presented.     

What Revolution Would You Like to See In the Field of Psychotherapy? Introduction

Contributors to a theme issue were invited to address two questions: (a) What revolution would you like to see in the field of psychotherapy? (b) What makes it revolutionary? That is, how and why is it revolutionary? In a spirit of helping contributors do their job, an attempt is made to clarify the meaning of a revolutionary new idea in the field of psychotherapy by identifying components that do not especially belong, and by proposing components that can be thought of as defining the proposed meaning.     

值得运动心理学家探索的6个问题

长期以来,运动心理学在竞技运动领域面对的6个问题包括：1）哪些心理学指标可以标志和预测训练型和比赛型运动员？2）如何界定、监测和控制长时期大运动量训练和比赛中的心理疲劳？3）达到最佳竞技状态的必要心理条件是什么？4）运动员最佳竞技状态时大脑的工作情况有哪些特征？ 5）运动员精英与其他领域精英的自我发展有何异同？6）有运动智力吗？从理论和实践两个方面对这6个问题进行了分析,提出了解决这些问题的思路。同时指出,对这些问题的探索将有助于运动心理学为母科学心理学的发展做出贡献。     

Reversal theory and psychotherapy: A review

The present paper aims to review the emerging practice of structural phenomenological psychotherapy derived from the theory of psychological reversals and to provide some extensions of this practice. The paper does not provide a full account of reversal theory, which is available elsewhere (Apter, 1982; Apter et al., 1985). It does, however, provide an account of the way in which this theory can be applied to the practice of therapy. Throughout this paper, counselling and psychotherapy are regarded as synonymous.     

A comparison of psychoanalytic and psychodramatic theory from a psychodramatist's perspective

A comparison of Freud's and Moreno's theories with regard to their implications for psychodrama therapy. Basic differences in the theories are discussed with special regard to therapist role, transference and tele, insight and catharsis, the time concept, the body, and developmental psychology. Other topics treated are concepts of drive or energy, psychic structure and role theory, psychic determinism contra the doctrine of spontaneity-creativity and differences between an intrapsychic and an interpersonal approach. An outline of the relationship of psychodrama and its philosophy and practice to other schools of psychotherapy is given.     

阿德勒心理治疗方法与当代心理治疗整合精神的契合

阿德勒为心理治疗提供了一个经得起时间考验的综合理论。他对人类行为做了务实的概念化处理,并改变了程序使其可能整合当代心理治疗理论中众多有价值的见解。阿德勒心理治疗与当代实践之间存在很多相似之处,因为阿德勒治疗是一种现在与未来定向的、限时性的（即短程的）、整合性和折衷性的方法。     

Reflections on Contemporary Psychotherapy Practice, Research, and Training

We do not lack for criticism about psychotherapy practice, research, and training. Admittedly, there is much there that needs to change. But, thus far, what have we done right? What are some of the positive, affirming, constructive strides that have been made with regard to therapy practice, research, and training? In this paper, those questions are addressed. Ten broad-based themes about some aspects of psychotherapy are presented and discussed; while by no means exhaustive, each is considered to be quite robust and clearly reflective of some of the truly constructive facets now evident in the field.     

The past and future of the past tense

What is the interaction between storage and computation in language processing? What is the psychological status of grammatical rules? What are the relative strengths of connectionist and symbolic models of cognition? How are the components of language implemented in the brain? The English past tense has served as an arena for debates on these issues. We defend the theory that irregular past-tense forms are stored in the lexicon, a division of declarative memory, whereas regular forms can be computed by a concatenation rule, which requires the procedural system. Irregulars have the psychological, linguistic and neuropsychological signatures of lexical memory, whereas regulars often have the signatures of grammatical processing. Furthermore, because regular inflection is rule-driven, speakers can apply it whenever memory fails.     

Mindfulness: A Proposed Common Factor

Mindfulness is proposed as a core psychotherapy process. It is defined as a state of psychological freedom that occurs when attention remains quiet and limber, without attachment to any particular point of view. It can be shown that this process is collaborativefy employed by psychotherapist and patient within all psychotherapy orientations, and also by the integrative psychotherapist when making optimal choices among orientations. This article addresses (1) the defining attributes of mindfulness, (2) relevant conceptual approaches that lend theoretical support for a mindfulness factor, (3) two attentional forms of mindfulness that seem to have particular correspondence with either psychodynamic or cognitive-behavioral therapy, (4) clinical applications, and (5) the role of mindfulness for the integrative decision-making process.     

The sociocultural movement in psychology,the role of theories in sociocultural inquiries,and the theory of sociocultural models

This special issue presents the theory of sociocultural models (TSCM) and its applications in diverse areas of psychology, including education, health care, clinical practice, gender relations, and general research. As many theories already exist in the social sciences, some readers may ask: “Why do cross‐cultural, cultural, and indigenous psychologists need another theory?” This question is comprised of two aspects: culture/cultural and theory/theoretical. Therefore, to answer it, it is important to clarify both issues. The first relates to cultural and its relation to psychological. The second, theory, considers its relation to cultural and psychological. These issues have long‐range implications for all culture and psychology disciplines as they pose many questions: What role does culture play in the mental functioning of people? How is culture constituted? Is cultural related to social? Does people’s mental functioning exert reciprocal influences on their cultural and social functioning? While working toward answering these questions, researchers quickly determine that more questions arise: What role should theories play in answering these questions? What constitutes theory in culture and psychology disciplines? How should such a theory (or such theories) address the triad of cultural, social, and mental? Consequently, in an effort to provide an overview of the TSCM and to begin to answer these questions, this introduction consists of two parts. The first part addresses the sociocultural turn in modern psychology; this part discusses its implications for research in culture and psychology disciplines. The second segment examines the topic of the theoretical backgrounds of cultural and cross‐cultural research and connects the philosophical paradigms of interpretivism and realism with the theory of sociocultural models. This introduction concludes with a brief overview of the articles included in this issue.     

The travails of Martin Orne: On privacy,public disclosure,and confidentiality in psychotherapy

The experiences of one psychotherapist have brought to the fore the entire issue of privacy and confidentiality and the responsibilities of mental health professionals. In a computer driven culture, where data about patients become subject to public scrutiny, how does the mental health professional practice, guided by the concept of confidentiality? Where does confidentiality begin and end? What about the patient's right to self-disclose? What about patient autonomy? In this paper, illustrated by one particular case where the rule of absolute confidentiality, an intrinsic part of the practice of psychotherapy, was questioned, our current confusion comes to the surface. The reader is urged to re-think the concept of confidentiality and patient self-disclosure.     

The integration of psychotherapy: Goal or utopia?

Both researchers and therapists stress the importance of integrating different forms of psychotherapy. Integration may be achieved in three ways. Supporters of the “empirical strategy” believe that more research is the solution. Followers of the “conceptual strategy” try to theorize on psychotherapy using psychological and sociological concepts. Other researchers see a “linguistic strategy” as the way to achieving a better understanding of psychotherapy. Whether any of these strategies will enable us to increase our insight into psychotherapy is questionable. All focus on technical aspects, that is, on the means to achieve effects. Yet, therapeutic effects cannot be understood unless they are interconnected with diagnostics. This paper argues that an integrated theory should be developed which includes diagnostics and treatment and which is supported by a theory on psychological (dys)functioning.     

New sexual mores and their effect on psychotherapy

This article covers first, the “new” sexual mores, to the extent that they effect psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The socio-historic aspects are discussed. Secondly, it evaluates the more profound meaning of the “sexual” therapies and the “new” sexual mores. What does this mean for the practicing psychotherapist and how does it effect everyday practice and the patient's expectations? What is the responsibility of the psychotherapist when narcissism is stressed as a goal, and mutualismshould be the goal? Finally, it is the position of the author that we should declare our opposition to the new worship of eros as the substance of life. Techniques will not help us develop mutualism.     

Psychological science treatment

New discoveries in psychological science have changed our understanding of some basic psychological processes. The new science, however, has not of yet been properly incorporated into the practice of psychotherapy. This has created a confusing state of affairs, lacking clear distinctions between therapy interventions rooted in lore and personal insight and those based on systematic scientific inquiry. In this paper, I discuss the problems caused by the current situation and propose a new distinction by which the psychological (science) treatment of psychological disorders is differentiated from psychotherapy. The implications of the proposed distinction for clinical research and training are discussed.     

On Principles of Educational Change and Principled Action in Psychotherapy Supervision

Change strategies/principles, a well-recognized and accepted component of therapeutic practice, have yet to be comparably considered in psychotherapy supervision. Can there be educational change strategies/principles for psychotherapy supervision? I take up that question subsequently. I contend that supervision is forever a principle-driven activity, that supervisors practice in a principle-driven manner, and that a common core of guiding supervision strategies/principles can be identified. Reasoning by analogy from the seminal works of Goldfried (Am Psychol 35:991–999, 1980; How people change: inside and outside therapy, Springer, New York, 1991; Clin Psychol Rev 33, 862–869, 2013) and Castonguay and Beutler (Principles of therapeutic change that work, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006a; J Clin Psychol 62:631–638, 2006b; Principles of therapeutic change that work, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006c), I propose one such common core: 20 educational strategies/principles that cut across any and all forms of supervision. What follows is foremost a stimulus paper, a starting point, designed to provoke further dialogue about this crucial but unconsidered aspect of supervision practice.     

Sexuelle Funktionsstörungen und ambulante Psychotherapie

Based on a literature review the following questions are discussed: how prevalent are sexual dysfunctions in the community and in treatment samples (particularly in psychotherapy patients)? How many patients with sexual dysfunctions seek help in outpatient psychotherapy and for how many patients would this kind of treatment be indicated? Data show that only relatively few patients with sexual dysfunctions are being treated in outpatient psychotherapy. Deficits concerning detection and monitoring of sexual dysfunctions and in terms of interdisciplinary treatment are obvious. To find possible reasons for these deficits the multifactorial etiology of sexual dysfunctions, the segmentation of care and also psychological variables characterizing the patient (denial of dysfunction) and the therapist (subjective need for specific training) are discussed. It is proposed that routine use of screening questionnaires for sexual dysfunctions should be introduced and it is described how the diagnostics and treatment implementation for sexual dysfunctions can be effectively integrated into clinical practice. Finally, arguments for a broader representation of research on sexual dysfunction in the field of clinical psychology are presented.