试论“均地安民”的土地管理思想

中国古代土地管理思想的核心，乃一个“均”字和一个“安”字，称之为“均地安民”。井田制、限田制、均田制、均税制，都是“均地安民”在不同历史时期的土地制度体现。均地的实现形式随着时代的迁移而发生着变化。自中唐以后，“均地”向“均税”（历史上也称此“均税”为“均地”，取均平土地赋税之义）演变，称之为“均税安民”。就广义来说，“均地安民”也包括了“均税安民”的概念。     

佛教平等思想与南北朝社会观念变迁

佛教平等思想意蕴深刻、内容丰富,对南北朝社会观念产生多方面重大影响。透过南北朝时期一些重要政治、文化和宗教事件,我们可以梳理、勾画出佛教平等思想影响社会观念变迁的具体细节和曲折历程。颜延之通过对“人”的重新诠释,消解了佛教“众生平等”与“三才”观框架下“人为灵长”之间的矛盾、对立和冲突;《梵网经》则从菩萨戒授受方面直接冲击“三才”观,把“众生平等”前所未有的贯彻到佛教信仰的各个角落。南北朝时期的素食、戒杀、祈愿,无论本土固有的还是域外传入的,都逐渐成为与“众生平等”观念相联系的生活习惯、伦理规范和信仰诉求。基于僧俗平等的理论,北魏确立了“国主即是当今如来”的“以政统教”模式,《梵网经》则提出了“以教统政”的新理论。梁武帝与北周武帝都倡导僧俗平等,却分别推出了“崇佛”和“灭佛”的相反宗教政策。     

天主教社会思想中的“人格尊严”原则

天主教社会思想主要是体现在教会的社会训导文件之中。教会自产生以来．就对信徒宗教以外的社会生活予以充分的关注。因而建立了丰富的训导传统。虽然教会对社会事务的关注由来已久,但是1891年教宗良十三所颁布的《新事》通谕则往往被视作第一部教会社会训导文件。在此后一百多年的发展过程中。教会的社会训导关注过各种各样的社会问题。并以不同的形式呈现自己。单独地考察,我们可能会发现,每个时期,甚至每一篇文献所关注的重点问题及其观点都各不相同,有些文献的观点可能还存在相互对立的情况。但是总体看来．天主教社会训导还是呈现出比较突出的一致性和统一性。这种一致性和统一性主要表现在两个方面：     

《老子》“社会善治思想”辨析

以现代社会治理理论为参照系,可以看到《老子》一书已经形成了较为系统的社会善治思想。《老子》在批判“有为政治”学说的基础上,提出了社会善治概念,讨论了社会善治的本质,并多角度地阐述了社会善治的具体内容。尽管现代社会治理理论与《老子》的社会善治思想之间并无直接的继承关系,但《老子》的社会善治思想对今天的公共管理理论和实践具有重要的启示作用是不容质疑的。     

论孔子“均、和、安”的公平正义思想

孔子的“均、和、安”思想内含着丰富的中国传统公平正义意蕴。孔子以“均”为基,以“和”为贵,以“安”为重,将分配正义与仁义道德、民本经济统一起来,形成从“各得其分”的等级分配正义层面,到“崇仁尚中”的内生道德正义层面,再到“藏富于民”的民本经济正义层面的理论逻辑,建构出一套有机联系的传统公平正义思想体系。以“义”为内在根据的等级分配正义约束逐利欲望膨胀以缩小贫富差距,保持财富均衡;以“仁”为本源的内生道德正义缓解社会等级固化以保障民之平等,维护社会和谐;以“利”为发展动力的民本经济正义增进民之福祉以实现富国裕民,保障国泰民安。     

《太平经》“周穷救急”的社会救济思想

东汉后期的道教经典<太平经>从民本思想出发,批判了社会上贫富不均、以强凌弱、以智诈愚等现象,怀着对民众的关爱和对弱者的同情,提出了"周穷救急"的社会救济思想,要求社会上层的统治者和富人们慈善布施,广散余财,以保障社会下层的贫民百姓能获得基本的生活资料,过上安稳的生活,从而构建一个和谐的社会.     

罗尔斯“社会基本善”的理论弹性：一个内部辩护

在罗尔斯正义理论中,作为社会的背景条件和通用手段,社会基本善是正义理论所重点讨论并予以分配的客观对象。这一观念遭到了阿玛蒂亚·森、理查德·阿内逊和G.A.柯恩等人的批驳,被指责缺乏理论弹性,因为其一方面无法容纳人们在善的转化上的人际差异而深陷“拜物主义”,另一方面低估未经选择的不良运气的影响而不足以体现平等和博爱之精神。然而,从罗尔斯关于人的观念、分配正义的适用范围以及公平正义学说的性质等理论的主要维度的阐释来看,他们的质疑并不构成实质性的挑战,故社会基本善的观念仍有足够的理论弹性。对此观念的辩护和澄清,有益于更为准确、深入地把握罗尔斯正义论的内在逻辑。     

陌生人社会需要怎样的“好人”——与王江伟先生探讨

统观《论“好人”观念》（《伦理学研究》2020年第4期）,可以发现该文所认为的传统“好人”观念公共性的确定带有明显的主观性情感色彩,这使其自身面临自洽的困境。需要对该文商榷的是：传统熟人社会的日常生活逻辑往往使“好人”观念发生异化,带来好人、好事、好心、好报的不一致,也会造成真假好人共存的后果;传统“好人”观念在因应现代陌生人社会时必然面临多重困境。因此,我们必须对“好人”观念赋予新的内涵,形成一种扩大了的“好人”观念,这需要从“做人”做起。     

“相生”与老子思想

序 现今,我们的社会需要不断竞争。这种对竞争的需要,不知不觉地给社会带来了尖锐而深刻的矛盾。这种矛盾,一方面促进了人类发展,另一方面由于过分的竞争,使这种矛盾更加尖锐化,给人类带来许多其他方面的问题。     

天主教的社会思想与福传

天主教是以信仰为基础的组织，天主教的信仰又是以基督为中心。天主教宗旨和目标是以天主的爱为宗旨、以基督的福音广为传播为终极目标。     

转型时期的社会公正

我国当前正面临从传统到现代的深刻转型 ,社会公正方面的问题日益凸显。要解决公正问题必须考虑到我国的基本国情 ,即共产党领导和正在从事社会主义市场经济与现代化建设的实践。马克思主义的社会主义理论和三个代表思想理当成为基本的指导思想 ,同时也应吸取西方公正理论中的合理要素。解决公正问题的关键在于要有制度性的建构使这些理论真正落到实处 ,成为能动的实践力量。本文从此思路出发对当代转型中的社会公正问题以及理论与现实的巨大反差进行了分析 ,并提出可供选择的政策建议。     

社会转型与民间信仰变迁——泉州个案研究

泉州是我国民间信仰最为繁盛发达的地区之一,也是改革开放后经济社会急剧转型的地区之一。转型社会的几个典型特征——城市化进程加快、人口流动性加大、经济快速提升以及现代社团组织制度初步确立,给泉州民间信仰以深刻影响。泉州民间信仰因之表现出从传统时代民众的公共性事务,向当代信徒的私人性事务过渡的趋势。     

社会转型与婚姻观念的变化--吴江社会的个案研究

社会转型对人类生活的各个方面都会产生影响。本文以吴江社会为研究对象 ,重点考察了社会转型与微观的婚姻生活之间的关系 ,并得出结论 ,吴江在 2 0世纪最后 2 0年的社会转型从根本上引起了吴江人婚姻观念的改变。     

大学新生社会支持的特点与变化的研究

本研究以374名大学新生为被试,采用问卷法考察了在进入大学的第一个学期中,新生社会支持感受总体水平及来自父母、同伴与教师的社会支持特点与变化。研究发现,在不同时期,来自家长、同伴、教师的支持程度具有显著差异。新生社会支持感受的总体水平存在升高的变化趋势,而不同支持源的支持水平具有不同的变化趋势;同时,来自家长、新同伴的支持与个体总体社会支持感受的变化具有相对紧密的联系。     

Social Change Movements and the Struggle Over Meaning-Making: A Case Study of Domestic Violence Narratives

Social movement theorists have emphasized the important role of meaning-making for social change movements (e.g., D. A. Snow and R. D. Benford, 1992, In: A. D. Morris & C. M. Mueller (Eds.) Frontiers in social movement theory. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, pp 133-155; C. M. Mueller, 1992, In: A. D. Morris & C. M. Mueller (Eds.) Frontiers in social movement theory. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, pp 3-26). Using the domestic violence movement as a case study, this study undertakes a close analysis of advocates' narratives about the phenomenon of domestic violence. This analysis sheds light on the current status of the movement as a social change movement attempting to promote alternative understandings of domestic violence as a social, rather than individual, problem. Study findings provide some evidence that the domestic violence movement has become increasingly de-politicized by documenting a range of narratives that convey an apolitical, degendered, individual-level analysis of domestic violence.     

社会转型期藏传佛教信仰的变迁--以甘南藏族自治州临潭县亦子多村的江口寺为例

临潭县是甘南藏族自治州一个多民族、多宗教的民族杂居地区,全县总人口14.68万人(2004年统计数字),其中回族2.6万人,藏族1.34万人,其它少数民族仅有90多人,汉族约有10万人①。全县有基督教信教群众2508人(2004年统计数字),分布在全县19个乡镇,信教群众99%为汉族,只有极个别汉藏通婚的家庭中的藏族妇女信仰基督教。亦子多村是临潭县术布乡的一个小村子,距离临潭县城大约25公里,海拔3000米左右,属于半农半牧区,是藏族聚居的村落。江口河从村子旁边盘绕流过,临夏至岷县的省级公路穿村而过,村口沿公路成丁字型有一条50米长的小街。小街上有一所…     

Relative Deprivation and Social Identity in Times of Dramatic Social Change: The Case of Nurses1

In the present study, an integration of relative deprivation theory and social identity theory is proposed to account for people's reactions to dramatic changes affecting their daily lives. Data collected among nurses (n = 108) indicate that feelings of relative deprivation are influenced by different perceptions of organizational change. Path analysis shows that feelings of social relative deprivation derive from negative changes that are numerous, and that temporal relative deprivation is experienced as a result of negative changes that are rapid. In terms of the link between social identity and relative deprivation, 2 contrasting approaches were tested. Analyses support the view that in‐group identification acts as a precursor, rather than as a consequence, of relative deprivation.     

Social Customs and Demographic Change: The Case of Godparenthood in Catholic Europe

This article analyzes social norms regulating the selection of godparents in Italy and France. Based on Vatican statistics and European Values Study responses, the vast majority of children in Catholic Europe are baptized and birth rituals are considered important even by nonbelievers. Moreover, the dominant custom of selecting godparents from among kinsmen is a recent development, based on historical data. A new survey about the selection of godparents in Italy and France, conducted for this study, shows that godparents are chosen not for religious, but for social‐relational reasons. Selection of kinsmen is the norm, with uncles and aunts being the majority choice. For Italy, choice determinants are explored by means of multinomial regressions. The results are contrasted with demographic change to show that in lowest‐low fertility countries current godparenthood models are bound to disappear.     

Adapting to the Transition from Socialism to Capitalism in Poland: The Role of Screening Strategies in Social Change

Before making a final choice, people screen available options for acceptability; those considered "good enough" constitute a goal-category. Foraging theories assume screening is an adaptation whereby low-ranked options are accepted when search costs (i.e., effort or risk associated with striving) are high and rejected when search costs are low. We argue that some individuals, called interval strategists, typically consider many options acceptable and, hence, form broad goal-categories; others, called point strategists, typically consider few options acceptable and form narrow goal-categories. We also argue that because of limited capacity, there is a trade-off between encoding ends and encoding means so that as the goal-category range increases, detailed planning decreases. Findings in our first study support this analysis. The next two studies assumed search costs in Poland (e.g., the effort or risk involved in shopping, housing, traveling) were greater under central planning than under the current market economy. Hence, prior to 1989, broad goal-categories were more adaptive than narrow goal-categories; since 1989, however, the reverse has been true. Consistent with this hypothesis, in Study 2, Poles who were point strategists perceived their conditions of life and self-efficacy had improved more since 1989 than did Poles who were interval strategists. Study 3 demonstrates a capacity to recognize which screening strategy is more adaptive under central planning and market conditions: An entrepreneur who failed prior to 1989 but succeeded afterward was inferred to be a point strategist, and one who succeeded prior to 1989 but failed afterward was inferred to be an interval strategist.