EARLY EXPERIENCE AND EXPLORATIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE WHITE RAT

Eleven rats were reared in a cage with moving figures. Eleven litter mates were reared in a similar cage but without figures. The rats from the more complex environment showed less locomotor activity in a checkerboard maze and, in a two-lever test box, higher preference for the lever which produced complex visual stimuli. It is proposed that rearing in stimulus poverty increases locomotor activity and reduces curiosity.     

儿童早期数学认知能力的结构及其特点

从北京市10所幼儿园中选取234名3、4岁的儿童为被试,采用个别测查的方法对儿童早期数学认知能力的结构及其特点进行了考察。经验证性因素分析发现：(1)儿童早期数学认知能力的结构模型是合理的,可接受的,具有较好的构想效度,具体讲,数、计算、测量、空间／几何和模式认知能力五个维度共同解释着儿童早期的数学认知能力;(2)不同年龄儿童早期数学认知能力的结构具有稳定性,但是结构模型并不完全一致,某些项目的解释率有所不同;(3)男、女儿童早期数学认知能力的结构模型具有一致性。     

中日心理学史上的早期联系与交流

本文论述了中日两国最早的心理学译书出于同一美国心理学原著,心理学译名相互影响和使用,最早的心理学杂志同期出版等史实。     

新员工期望与组织社会化早期适应的关系

以天津市、浙江省和山东省9家企业2008年7月入职的205名新员工为被试,采用纵向研究设计,在新员工进入企业时和进入企业三个月后分别测量新员工期望和组织社会化近端结果(任务掌握、角色清晰、组织理解和社会整合),考察了新员工期望与组织社会化早期的适应的关系。结果显示:"工作—舒服期望"分别与新员工角色清晰和任务掌握、社会整合存在显著正相关,"工作—责任期望"分别与新员工任务掌握和组织理解正相关。研究结果没有支持新员工期望与适应的关系遵循"特异性匹配原则",但从期望的作用角度支持了工作期望是新员工期望最重要的组成部分。     

EARLY CORTICAL INFLUENCES IN OBJECT SEGREGATION AND THE PERCEPTION OF SURFACE LIGHTNESS

Abstract— The apparent brightness of a surface is profoundly influenced by the brightness of an adjacent surface., but these contrast effects are reduced when the surface are perceived as separate three-dimensional entities. Previous work has suggested that high-level perceptual and cognitive processes involved in scence segmentation may be responsible for modifying a surface's appearance. We demonstrate large reductions in contrast effects when the sues available for segmentations are restricted to those that isolate separate groups of early cortical neurons in the visual system. Our data contradict standard contract-signaling models of brightness perception and imply that mechanisms of figure-ground segmentation are already available at low levels of visual processing.     

THE EARLY LATIN DIONYSIUS: ERIUGENA AND HUGH OF ST. VICTOR

This essay sketches how Eriugena and Hugh of St. Victor interpreted the Areopagite, emphasizing key passages for each. Eriugena's translation of the CD and his Expositiones on The Celestial Hierarchy exerted a tremendous influence on subsequent Latin readers, including Hugh, and even survived the condemnation of his masterwork, the Periphyseon. The Victorine, whose own Augustinian inclinations were largely untouched by his encounter with the Areopagite, nevertheless exerted a distinctive influence by (falsely) attributing to Dionysius the view that in our pursuit of God, “love surpasses knowledge.” Together, despite their stark differences, they bequeathed a lively Dionysian tradition to the high medieval authors, scholastics and mystics alike.     

早期经验和人类的发展

经验对行为的发展起着多么大的作用?这个问题是传统的先天论者和经验论者论战的中心。一方认为婴儿在生物学上已经具备能够适应感觉刺激的能力,并以一种有系统的方式与外在环境交互作用。这种观点认为儿童随着年龄的增长所完成的较复杂技能是来自成熟而不是来自经验。经验论者的观点可以William James的论述为代表:“婴儿用     

LINGUISTIC AWARENESS AND EARLY READING

Children from five Year 1 classes (n = 129) were assessed with the Concepts About Print (CAP) Test and standardized reading measures. A principal component score derived from the South‐gate Word Selection Test and the ACER Primary Reading Survey Test Level AA was used to derive three groups of readers (poor, average, good). A factor analysis of the CAP indicated four clusters of items. Three of these, letter‐word concepts (.77), print direction concepts (.39) and age (.32), were found to load on a significant discriminant function separating the three groups. Univariate procedures revealed that print direction concepts, letter‐word concepts and advanced print concepts significantly separated the three groups of readers but book orientation did not. Results were discussed in relation to the validity and reliability of the CAP, the relevance of linguistic awareness skills to early reading and the need to tie instruction to concept learning.     

COMPARISON OF EARLY RETIREES AND NON-RETIREES

A group of 250 early retirees and a similar group of 422 nonretired Civil Service employees were compared on demographic, experience and job attitude variables. Consistent with earlier published studies, demographic, health, and income variables accounted for approximately three times as much variance in the retirement status variable as did the motivational and attitudinal variables. Retirees reported that their jobs afforded less Autonomy, Skill Variety, Opportunity to Deal with Others, and less intrinsic satisfaction, but more Feedback from Others relative to nonretirees. Analysis of the demographic variables indicated retirees were more likely to be female, have less financial commitments, and have had more jobs in their career. It is suggested that the retirement decision may represent a positive attempt on the part of individuals to pursue more challenging, interesting activities, and that longitudinal research be initiated to explore in more detail the determinants of the retirement decision and subsequent retirement satisfaction.     

THE INFLUENCE OF PLATONISM ON THE EARLY APOLOGISTS

The influence of Platonism upon the development of Christianity is well-documented, particularly with regard to the deliberations that took place in the fourth and fifth centuries regarding the nature of Trinity. A topic that has received less attention is the philosophies of the (so-called) 'Middle Platonists' and their influence upon the earliest apologies, such as the Apology of Aristides and the Epistle to Diognetus. Yet tracing these influences is integral to explaining the development of the Christian conception of God.