抗生素滥用现象剖析与建议

抗生素是广泛用于治疗感染性疾病最常用的药品之一,但在应用过程中滥用现象愈演愈烈,这不仅造成药品的严重浪费,还增加细菌耐药性的产生,对社会造成巨大的危害.通过对其现象、后果及原因的分析,提出了控制抗生素滥用的建议.     

解析我国抗生素耐药现状及相应措施

自从20世纪40年代青霉素问世以来,人类对葡萄球菌感染几乎是药到病除,曾挽救了无数感染者的生命.但是,由于抗生素的广泛使用和滥用,使这些不断开发的抗生素失去了应有的威力,抗生素耐药现象日益严重,耐药菌株不断增多,已成为临床医生一个非常棘手的问题.     

我们往何处去?——抗生素使用与细菌耐药性的对立发展思考

本文从多个角度,分析抗生素产生耐药性的诸多因素,发现抗生素使用广泛,抗生素的滥用不仅归因于医院-医疗行业,社会各行各业都存在滥用的问题,以及环境的包括自然的和人为的因素在某种程度上影响耐药性的产生。因此,合理使用抗生素是一项宏大而艰巨的任务,关键是一种发展的意识和如何面对发展的意识。     

我们往何处去?——抗生素使用与细菌耐药性的对立发展思考

本文从多个角度,分析抗生素产生耐药性的诸多因素,发现抗生素使用广泛,抗生素的滥用不仅归因于医院-医疗行业,社会各行各业都存在滥用的问题,以及环境的包括自然的和人为的因素在某种程度上影响耐药性的产生.因此,合理使用抗生素是一项宏大而艰巨的任务,关键是一种发展的意识和如何面对发展的意识.     

解析我国抗生素耐药现状及相应措施

自从20世纪40年代青霉素问世以来,人类对葡萄球菌感染几乎是药到病除,曾挽救了无数感染者的生命。但是,由于抗生素的广泛使用和滥用,使这些不断开发的抗生素失去了应有的威力,抗生素耐药现象日益严重,耐药菌株不断增多,已成为临床医生一个非常棘手的问题。1我国细菌耐药现状根据我国细菌耐药监测研究组1998年~1999年与2000年~2001年监测调查结果,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素耐药率两个年度分别为82.7%与89.1%,对红霉素耐药率分别为58.2%与74.4%。表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素的耐药率分别为56.7%与66.2%,对红霉素的耐药率分别为51.5%与76.2%。肺炎链球…     

儿科病房抗生素耐药情况调查及干预对策

调查儿科病房送检标本中优势细菌分布情况及耐药率,272株优势菌中产β-内酰胺酶菌占69.5%,其主要原因是儿科抗生素使用率明显高于成人,且较多的应用β-内酰胺类抗生素,分析儿科抗生素应用现状及危害,并提出抗生素滥用的干预对策。     

儿科病房抗生素耐药情况调查及干预对策

调查儿科病房送检标本中优势细菌分布情况及耐药率,272株优势菌中产β-内酰胺酶菌占69.5%,其主要原因是儿科抗生素使用率明显高于成人,且较多的应用β-内酰胺类抗生素,分析儿科抗生素应用现状及危害,并提出抗生素滥用的干预对策.     

早产儿预防性应用抗生素的临床决策思路

近年来,随着对滥用抗生素所引起的细菌耐药性和二重感染的认识的逐步深入,预防性应用抗生素在临床上越来越受到限制.但由于早产儿感染的临床隐匿性和易并发严重并发症等特点,预防早产儿感染的发生和进一步的发展,就显得尤为重要.通过对早产儿发生感染的易感因素、感染诱因和临床特点的分析研究,来探讨早产儿临床预防应用抗生素的必要性、合理性及临床决策思路.     

早产儿预防性应用抗生素的临床决策思路

近年来,随着对滥用抗生素所引起的细菌耐药性和二重感染的认识的逐步深入,预防性应用抗生素在临床上越来越受到限制。但由于早产儿感染的临床隐匿性和易并发严重并发症等特点,预防早产儿感染的发生和进一步的发展,就显得尤为重要。通过对早产儿发生感染的易感因素、感染诱因和临床特点的分析研究,来探讨早产儿临床预防应用抗生素的必要性、合理性及临床决策思路。     

药品回扣引起的伦理学思考

药品回扣是市场经济冲击医疗服务产生的赘疣,成为社会关注的焦点。通过伦理的视角审视这一现象,认为药品回扣严重腐蚀了医生的精神灵魂,加剧了医患矛盾,增加了医患纠纷,造成医患之间的信用缺失,破坏了公平合理的医学伦理学原则,应对此严加治理,保障患者的正当权益。     

禀赋效应的心理机制及其影响因素

禀赋效应是指个体在拥有某物品时对该物品的估价高于没有拥有该物品时的估价的现象。这一现象在行为经济学中普遍存在。禀赋效应的研究范式包括经典研究范式与物物交换范式。禀赋效应的心理机制主要包括损失规避与查询理论。禀赋效应的影响因素主要包括认知角度、动机、情绪、交易物品的特征、研究设计的选择等。未来的研究需要从禀赋效应的适用条件、产生根源、研究范式的改进等方面进一步探讨。     

Three-month-olds' visual preference for faces and its underlying visual processing mechanisms

This study was aimed at investigating the face preference phenomenon and its underlying mechanisms at 3 months of age. Using an eye-tracker apparatus, Experiment 1 demonstrated that 3-month-olds prefer natural face images to unnatural ones, replicating and extending previous evidence obtained with schematic facelike stimuli. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that the general mechanisms that induce face preference in newborns could not explain the same phenomenon at 3 months of age, when infants are attracted by perceptual cues more specific to faces. This suggests that signs of a process of cognitive specialization are already present in 3-month-olds' visual behavior toward faces.     

Context-dependent migrations in visual word perception

In the present study we investigate the effect of context--that is, a prime--on migration errors. Migration errors, or migrations, are caused by perceptual interactions between two words in a visual display, such as line-lace. After postcuing, subjects sometimes report lane or lice, instead of the requested word line. This phenomenon has been demonstrated by previous studies. In the experiments reported here, we replicate this phenomenon. We also find that more migrations of the lane type occur (compared with lice type), when the display line-lace is preceded by a prime related to lane (but not to lice). This shows that higher order word knowledge, in the form of semantic relations between words, influences the migration phenomenon. Further, we show that the number of migration errors are not a result of only a summation of activation from the letters in the display. The method we developed to isolate context-dependent migrations also gives valuable information about the effect of contextual information on word perception.     

Strategic differentiation and integration among the 50 states of the USA

Recent studies demonstrate that individuals and populations (at the scale of nations) exhibiting slower life history (LH) speeds are more differentiated amongst themselves with respect to the components of life history. Faster life history individuals and populations are more integrated by comparison. This phenomenon, termed strategic differentiation–integration effort (SD–IE), has not yet been tested on a national scale, however, which is an important remaining step in establishing its generalizability at different levels of aggregation among humans. SD–IE was tested with data on five LH variables from the fifty states of the US. Effects supportive of the SD–IE hypothesis were found in all LH variables, with an average effect magnitude slightly larger than that found in studies of SD–IE at the individual differences level. This is putatively attributed to population stratification, due to the varied racial make-up of the population in the US, including European, African, Native American, and Asian ancestries from multiple countries. This study indicates that SD–IE is a generalizable phenomenon occurring at various levels of aggregation.     

Sad, thus true: Negativity bias in judgments of truth

An effect observable across many different domains is that negative instances tend to be more influential than comparably positive ones. This phenomenon has been termed the negativity bias. In the current work, it was investigated whether this effect pertains to judgments of truth. That is, it was hypothesized that information valence and perceived validity should be associated such that more negative information is deemed more true. This claim was derived from the findings that negative instances tend to demand more attentional resources and that more elaborate processing can render messages more persuasive. In three experiments, manipulating information valence through framing - and assessing judgments of truth - the hypothesized negativity bias was corroborated. Potential explanations and implications for further research are discussed.     

Histrionic Managers Wreak Havoc in the Workplace: Identifying the Phenomenon

Histrionic thinking and behavior derive more from emotion than from reason, creating a condition that causes problems for both those who display this emotional style and those they interact with. When histrionic people “manage” others in the workplace, a destructive dynamic often supervenes as employee and manager pursue the goals of work, frequently at cross purposes. In a naturalistic study, three incidents from my experience with histrionic managers are described and the underlying phenomenon of the histrionic manager is identified. This phenomenon is postulated to be universal, which is to say that managers with a histrionic style will be found wherever work is done.     

关于恶性肿瘤发病年轻化的思考

恶性肿瘤的发病多在50岁以后,以中老年人常见。近年发现青年(≤40岁)患癌有增高趋势。从恶性肿瘤的高危因素及分子机制方面,探讨恶性肿瘤发病年轻化的可能原因。辩证地剖析机体内部和外界环境之间的关系,是研究恶性肿瘤发病年轻化的重要环节。     

Public policy and the wisdom of crowds

Collective intelligence, or the wisdom of crowds, refers to a phenomenon by which, under the right conditions, groups of individuals can render highly accurate judgments. This phenomenon has long played an important role in economics, where understanding the behavior of groups is often essential to explaining economic outcomes. More recently, political scientists have shown that trends in public opinion show evidence of collective intelligence. This article further explores how the wisdom of crowds affects politics. I look at two types of decision-making processes, those governed by group dynamics versus those rendered by organizations. Distributional analysis of financial markets and foreign exchange rates shows that when policies are determined by groups they are less prone to instabilities, evidence that in certain issue areas decision-making by groups is more readily adaptive to shifting environmental cues than decisions made through organizational deliberation.     

Causal discounting in the presence of a stronger cue is due to bias

People use information about the covariation between a putative cause and an outcome to determine whether a causal relationship obtains. When there are two candidate causes and one is more strongly related to the effect than is the other, the influence of the second is underestimated. This phenomenon is called causal discounting. In two experiments, we adapted paradigms for studying causal learning in order to apply signal detection analysis to this phenomenon. We investigated whether the presence of a stronger alternative makes the task more difficult (indexed by differences in d′) or whether people change the standard by which they assess causality (measured by β). Our results indicate that the effect is due to bias.     

On the Tedium of the Good

It seems to be a phenomenon of contemporary life that we consider goodness embarrassing and rather dull. In contrast, the activities and inner lives of villains are deemed more complex and fascinating than those of good people. This paper attempts to understand the conception of goodness that underlies this phenomenon, and I suggest that informing it is the combination of two ideas, in tension with each other: firstly, a distorted understanding of the ancient conception of full virtue as the absence of all inner conflict; and secondly, the intuition that real goodness is only apparent and generated in inner conflict. In response, I offer an alternative picture of goodness as an ongoing, active and progressive relation to value, and conclude that in order to render goodness attractive again we need more adequate portraits of goodness from both philosophy and art.