外倾个体何以有更多正性情绪体验？——情绪调节自我效能感的中介作用

通过对1076名大学生进行人格特质(外倾和神经质)、情绪调节自我效能感和情绪体验的测查,本研究探讨了外倾和神经质影响情绪的可能机制。结果表明：(1) 情绪调节自我效能感与外倾和神经质之间有紧密联系;(2) 外倾与情绪调节自我效能感可以有效预测个体正性情绪的变异;(3) 外倾对正性情绪的影响部分是以情绪调节自我效能感为中介的。该发现对实践中提升个体情绪调节自我效能感、改善情绪状态并最终优化人格结构具有重要启示。     

主观幸福感与大三人格特征相关研究的元分析

运用元分析方法对国内有关主观幸福感与大三人格特质的关系问题进行了探讨, 通过文献检索, 纳入文献43篇, 总样本量为16377。结果表明：(1)主观幸福感与外倾性存在正相关, 与神经质、精神质存在负相关。对比国外相关研究, 中国被试群体的外倾性、神经质与主观幸福感的相关更为密切, 人格特质与文化的契合性对主观幸福感与人格特质的相关有较大影响; (2)主观幸福感与大三人格之间的相关不受主观幸福感结构(总体幸福感、生活满意度、积极情感和消极情感)的影响。主观幸福感的结构需要进一步明确; (3)主观幸福感与内外倾人格特质的相关受不同年龄群体的调节, 而主观幸福感与神经质、精神质的关系则不受影响。最后, 对研究结果进行讨论并展望未来研究方向。     

成人依恋、情绪调节与主观幸福感:重新评价和表达抑制的中介作用

通过对1163名大学生被试进行成人依恋关系、情绪调节策略的使用以及主观幸福感的测查,该研究从情绪调节这一新的视角,深入探讨了成人依恋对主观幸福感产生影响的可能机制。结果发现:重新评价策略的使用在依恋安全对主观幸福感影响中具有重要的中介作用;依恋回避直接影响个体的主观幸福感;表达抑制对主观幸福感影响不显著。这些结果表明重新评价策略的使用是成人依恋关系影响个体主观幸福感的一个重要途径。     

大学生主观幸福感与人格特征及情绪觉察能力关系的研究

为了研究大学生的主观幸福感与人格特征及情绪觉察能力的关系,采用总体幸福感量表、情绪调查问卷以及大五人格问卷,对南京市五所高校的277名大学生进行调研。结果发现:(1)大学生总体幸福感高于全国常模;(2)女生的情绪觉察能力显著高于男生;(3)神经质与主观幸福感呈负相关,外倾性、宜人性、严谨性与主观幸福感呈正相关;(4)人格五因子中的开放性与觉察他人及觉察总分存在正相关;(5)神经质、宜人性、严谨性、年级、专业、是否担任学生干部对大学生主观幸福感有显著的预测效果。因此,我们要综合考虑主观和客观因素,以提升大学生主观幸福感。     

主观幸福感的结构及其与人格特质的关系

以239名大学生为被试,考察了主观幸福感(SWB)的结构及其与人格特质的关系。分析表明,SWB由生活满意度、积极情感和消极情感三个相关的维度构成,而且它们可以共同负荷于一个高阶因子。外倾和神经质是SWB的重要预测指标,积极情感的主要预测指标是外倾,神经质则是消极情感最有力的预测指标,而外倾和神经质对消极情感和生活满意度有相同的预测力。情感平衡是外倾和神经质影响生活满意度的中介变量。     

青少年学校幸福感及其与能力自我知觉、人格的关系

运用问卷调查法对228名中学生进行调查,考察了青少年的学校幸福感及其与能力自我知觉、人格的关系。研究发现:(1)女生的学校满意度高于男生;青少年的学校幸福感呈现出随年级增高而降低的趋势。(2)神经质和外倾性两种人格特质在能力自我知觉和学校幸福感之间的因果关系中起中介作用。表现为神经质在能力自我知觉和消极在校情感之间起中介作用;外倾性在社会能力自我知觉和积极在校情感之间起中介作用。     

大学生正念对主观幸福感的影响:情绪调节及心理弹性的中介作用

采用五因素正念量表(FFMQ)、情绪调节量表(ERS)、心理弹性量表(CD-RISC)、幸福感指数量表(IWB)对448名大学生进行问卷调查,以探讨正念对主观幸福感的影响机制。结果表明:(1)正念、重新评价、心理弹性、主观幸福感呈显著正相关;(2)重新评价和心理弹性的链式多重中介效应在正念与主观幸福感间起部分中介效应,一方面,正念可以通过促进心理弹性提升主观幸福感,另一方面,正念不能直接通过重新评价策略的使用提升主观幸福感,存在"正念→重新评价→心理弹性→主观幸福感"的路径。     

青少年人格、人口学变量与主观幸福感的关系模型

采用分层随机抽样的方法,抽取了379名中学生和大学生样本,在多元相关分析的基础上,结合文献分析,采用结构方程建模技术,探讨了我国青少年学生人口学变量、人格维度和主观幸福感(SWB)的结构关系。结果表明,人口学变量中的年级和经济状况变量既与SWB有直接的关系,又通过大五人格中的神经质维度或外倾性维度对SWB有间接的效应,其中,经济状况对主观幸福感的正面效应较大,而性别和城乡变量则仅通过神经质和外倾性对SWB有微弱的间接效应;大五人格维度中,宜人性与SWB没有显著关系,开放性和严谨性通过神经质或外倾性与SWB存在间接效应,神经质和外倾性则对SWB有较强的直接预测力;结构方程模型验证了人格、人口学变量与SWB的这种关系。     

内-外倾人格对情绪调节的影响及神经机制

内—外倾人格(即外倾性)是与情绪活动密切相关的人格特质：该特质不但影响人类的适应能力与主观幸福感，还与焦虑、冲动等情绪—行为障碍的产生有密切关联。在以往研究中，外倾性与情绪健康的关系集中体现为内—外倾人格对情绪事件易感性的影响，如外倾人格得分的增高伴随着对奖赏刺激更强的积极情绪反应水平。然而，上述联系也有可能是由于外倾性不同的人群具有不同的情绪调节特点导致。因此，可通过系统操纵外倾性人格因素与情绪调节方式，从外倾性人格特质对情绪调节方式及调节效果影响的角度，深入探讨外倾性和人类情绪与健康的关系。拟综合使用行为调查与生理测量、EEG/ERP 与 fMRI 手段，开展如下三个层面的研究工作：1)情绪调节问卷的编制及内、外倾人群情绪调节策略的比较研究；2)外倾性对情绪调节的影响及其脑机制研究，探讨认知情绪调节的生理变化、时间进程及神经基础与内—外倾人格的关系；3)情绪稳定性不同的内、外倾人群其情绪调节的特点及其脑机制研究。通过上述系列研究，深化对情绪与人格关系的认识，从而为心理健康的维护，情绪障碍的治疗及相关疗法的开发应用奠定理论基础。     

青少年学生大五人格与主观幸福感的关系研究

通过对379名初中、高中和大学生样本的测查,考察了青少年学生大五人格维度与主观幸福感的关系。结果表明,外倾性是正性情感和生活满意度稳定有力的预测指标、神经质是负性情感稳定有力的预测指标,严谨性与生活满意度具有明显正相关,这三个维度与主观幸福感各维度的关系与国外已有的结论一致;开放性、宜人性与主观幸福感各维度的关系并没有验证Costa和McCrae(1982,1991)的结论。     

心理虐待与儿童快感缺失的关系：认知重评的中介作用

本研究选取949名8～12岁儿童进行自我报告测验,并从中选取83名被试完成行为实验。研究考察了认知重评策略以及增强正性情绪的重评使用效果在心理虐待与儿童快感缺失间的中介作用。结果发现：（1）心理虐待与儿童快感缺失呈正相关,认知重评策略、增强调节认知重评效果与快感缺失均呈负相关;（2）认知重评策略在心理虐待与快感缺失间起中介作用;（3）增强调节认知重评效果在心理虐待与快感缺失间起中介作用。上述结果表明,心理虐待可通过认知重评来间接影响儿童快感缺失。     

Measurement of Affect Regulation Styles (MARS) expanded

An expanded Spanish version of the Measure of Affect Regulation Styles (MARS), was applied to episodes of anger and sadness, in a sample of 355 graduate students from Chile, Spain, and Mexico. The study examines the association between affective regulation, adaptation to episodes and dispositional coping and emotional regulation, and psychological well-being. With regard to perceived improvement of adaptive goals, the following adaptive affect regulation strategies were confirmed: Instrumental coping, seeking social support, positive reappraisal, distraction, rumination, self-comfort, self-control, and emotional expression were functional; whereas inhibition and suppression were dysfunctional. Adaptive strategies were positively associated with psychological well-being, reappraisal and humor as a coping strategy. Negative associations were found between adaptive strategies and suppression and alexithymia. Maladaptive strategies show the opposite profile. Confrontation, instrumental coping, social support as well as social isolation were more frequently found in anger, an approach emotion.     

REVIEW: "Spirituality and Adult Development"

Greeley's (1975) measure of mystical experience-conceived as having either 2 or 4 levels-was presented to 227 psychology undergraduates along with Bradburn's (1969) 3 Affect Scales, the Magical Ideation Scale, the Manic-Depressiveness Scale, and an independently constructed 22-item Rasch Mystical Experience Scale (MES). These students reported significantly more mystical experience than did Greeley's sample. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the MES and the 2-level measure was .18 (p = .014), and with the 4-level measure it was = .54 (p < .001). The 2-level measure failed to replicate Greeley's finding of a relationship with Balance Affect (i.e., happiness). Though small, the correlations between both the 4-level Greeley measure and the MES with Balance Affect and Positive Affect were positive and significant. At the same time, the 4-level Greeley measure correlated moderately with the Magical Ideation Scale (both paranormal and nonparapsychological subscales). The MES correlated moderately and somewhat higher with these same variables. The results, apparently contradictory, were reconciled in part by considering the concept of the happy schizotype and of positive outcomes of mental illness.     

Quality of life and social support of patients being evaluated for bone marrow transplantation

A sample of 437 patients completed self-report measures of quality of life and social support while they were being evaluated for bone marrow transplantation (BMT) at The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center. Generally, the candidates showed reasonably high levels of quality of life (QOL) on the Satisfaction with Life Domains Scale (SLDS), their present ranking on the Cantril Self-Anchoring Ladder of Life, and their scores on the Bradburn Positive Affect Scale. The level of QOL of these candidates for transplant was significantly related to their level of social support. Both availability and adequacy of social support for these transplant candidates were found to be significantly related to QOL as measured by the SLDS. Availability of social support as measured by patient membership in religious and other organizations was significantly related to Positive Affect but not Negative Affect. The Family APGAR and Relational Support Scales measures of social support were significantly correlated with both Positive and Negative Affect.     

心理健康的测量:自尊量表和情感量表的比较

对两个西方常用的心理健康测量工具:Rosenberg的《自尊量表》和Bradburn的《正性情感量表和负性情感量表》进行心理测量学指标的比较。被试取自北京市三所高校的一至三年级大学生,共1142人。两个分研究的结果均表明:《自尊量表》的各项心理测量学指标都好于《正性情感量表和负性情感量表》。作为心理健康的测量工具,《自尊量表》在多数情况下比《正性情感量表和负性情感量表》更有效。     

大学生自我复杂性与主观幸福感的关系

对188名大学生采用生活满意度量表和情感量表测量主观幸福感,运用与Linville相近的方式测量自我复杂性,并探讨两者的关系。研究发现:(1)积极自我复杂性与消极自我复杂性相互独立。(2)积极自我复杂性和消极自我复杂性与主观幸福感有着不同的关系。(3)自我复杂性测量时积极词汇与消极词汇的比例以及幸福感测量工具的不同都可能使两者关系出现不同结果。     

Developing a Short Affect Intensity Scale

The purpose of this study was to construct a brief version of the 40-item Affect Intensity Measure. Since the assumed one-dimensionality of the scale has been criticized lately, special attention was paid to the factor structure of the full and the brief scales. The scales were tested in three different samples: 510 Belgian citizens representative of the Belgian population, and 204 and 166 students of the University of Antwerp. The Short Affect Intensity Scale has 20 items. Mean scores on the original Affect Intensity Measure were 3.68, 3.67, and 3.67 for the three samples, respectively, while for the Short Affect Intensity Scale the following respective mean scores were registered: 3.76, 3.78, and 3.75. Correlations between the original and brief scales were .94, .93, and .93 for the three samples, respectively. Three factors underlie the Short Affect Intensity Scale: Positive Intensity, Negative Affectivity, and Serenity. Furthermore, the scores for the Short Affect Intensity Scale suggest it is reliable and valid.     

Positive reappraisals after an offense: Event-related potentials and emotional effects of benefit-finding and compassion*

Using a within-subjects design, three emotion regulation strategies (compassion-focused reappraisal, benefit-focused reappraisal, and offense rumination) were tested for their effects on forgiveness, well-being, and event-related potentials. Participants (N = 37) recalled a recent interpersonal offense as the context for each emotion regulation strategy. Both decisional and emotional forgiveness increased significantly for the two reappraisal strategies compared to offense rumination. Compassion-focused reappraisal prompted the greatest increase in both decisional and emotional forgiveness. Furthermore, both reappraisal strategies increased positively oriented well-being measures (e.g. joy, gratitude) compared to offense rumination, with compassion-focused reappraisal demonstrating the largest effect on empathy. Late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes in response to unpleasant affect words were larger following the benefit-focused reappraisal strategy, indicating frontal LPP augmentation due to affective incongruence of the unpleasant stimuli with the positive, silver-lining orientation of the benefit-focused reappraisal emotion regulation strategy.     

Convergent validity of the Depression-Happiness Scale with the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness

The Depression-Happiness Scale and the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness were administered to 52 Northern Irish university students. Higher scores on the Depression-Happiness Scale were significantly associated with higher scores on the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale and the subscale scores of Positive Affect and Positive Experiences and with lower scores on Negative Affect and Negative Experiences. These data provide further support for the convergent validity of the Depression-Happiness Scale.     

Sense of authenticity, affectivity, and cultural construal of the self among Japanese university students

This study examined the relationship between the sense of authenticity and affectivity, which is under the control of the cultural construal of the self. Japanese university students (N=287) rated themselves on the Sense of Authenticity Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Scale for Independent and Interdependent Construal of the Self. Analysis indicated that the Sense of Authenticity increased Positive Affect and decreased Negative Affect, regardless of the scores on Independent and Interdependent Self-construal.