长期职业性稳态噪声暴露对工人诱发脑电图影响的计算机分析

一、引言噪声作为一种公害来说,不仅为世界所公认,而且受到各国的普遍的重视。这不仅是由于近年城市噪声有逐年上升的趋势,更重要的是由于噪声对人体造成多方面的危害,其中包括使人烦噪,干扰睡眠、工作和休息,导致耳聋,引起流产,影响消化系统和内分泌系统等等。然而人们最为关心的还是噪声对脑功能的危害。稳态噪声对人脑功能的危害,国内外都作过大量的研究,不过其中多数是以主诉症状的     

工业噪声对人体瞬时记忆和注意的影响(Ⅱ)

噪声引起神经系统功能紊乱是对人体危害的一个重要方面。我们曾报道过噪声发生器产生的强噪声明显影响小白鼠脑的发育及条件反射的建立。俞大乾等的研究说明,短期连续噪声对小白鼠的记忆有直接影响。由于记忆和注意测验成绩可以作为人脑功能状态的重要指标;因此,我们抽取南京织布厂等十个工厂的232名工人进行了测查,结果说明强度为95分贝以上的稳态噪声长期积累性的暴露对人体的瞬时记忆和注意均有明显的危害,表现为记忆能力差;注意集中短暂。     

论城市交通污染及其防治

城市是人类社会发展到一定阶段的产物,是人造环境和自然环境的结合体,是人类为自己创造的适合自己生存的经济实体、社会实体和物质实体。城市化的发展与生产力的发展,特别是工业化的发展进程紧密相关,也与交通工具的革命有着密切的关系。交通工具促进了城市发展也给城市带来了严重的社会问题,最为突出的并且愈益严重的是空气污染和交通噪声问题。关注交通污染,治理交通公害已经成为保护城市生态环境,实施城市可持续发展战略的重要内容。交通污染对城市生活质量和经济发展的危害通常所说的交通污染主要是指由道路交通产生的有害于人体…     

艺用人体解剖学的多媒体教学研究

艺用人体解剖学是一门重要的美术类专业基础理论课。传统艺用人体解剖学教学方法已不能适应现代教学的发展。多媒体技术在艺用人体解剖学教学中的运用是对传统教学模式的改革。教学实践证明,多媒体应用到艺用人体解剖学教学,使课程讲授具有直观性、高效性、生动性和互动性等特点,明显调动了学生的学习积极性,获得较好的教学效果。     

神奇的“安慰剂效应”

香烟对人体具有非常大的危害,因此许多吸烟人士试图通过各种方法戒掉自己的烟瘾。但是,真正最终成功戒烟的人却只有少数。其实,早在1990年学术界就已经有学者通过"安慰剂效应"帮助吸烟人士成功戒烟的案例了。什么是安慰剂效应?安慰剂是指可以帮助个体改变生理或心理反应的物质或程序。安慰剂效应是指尽管个体并没有接受有效的治疗,但是由于"预期"或者"相信"治疗有效而产生的舒缓病症的情况。     

信心疗法的奇效

信心是健康长寿的第一要素,它有着提高人体抵御疾病的能力的奇效。科学家们研究发现,人们如果对自己的健康长寿有着足够的信心,就会提高人体抵抗疾病的能力。科学家们认为,人体有两种激素——肾上腺皮质素     

不要将我父的殿当作买卖的地方!——防止教会内的传销活动

<正>多年以来,"传销"如社会"毒瘤",严重扰乱社会治安和市场经济秩序,影响社会和谐稳定,危害深重。其实"传销"并不新鲜,它是信息时代商品经济发展过程中应运而生的变异物,然而伴随着经济建设的发展,它已不再是以前字面解释的那么简单了,它是早已被国家明令取缔的一种非法营销活动,也是政府明令禁止并多次重击的整治对象,但它像人体上的"牛皮癣"一样是一种社会"顽症",近年来非但没有销声匿迹,相反有蔓延并恶性发展的趋势。甚至在声称"圣殿"的教堂里也没     

“精神维生素”使你更康寿

维生素的重要作用,现在已家喻户晓。人们不但注意从食品中摄取维生素,在防病治病时,还会服用一些维生素制剂,只要对症,效果是很好的。但对于“精神维生素”对人体健康的重要作用,许多人可能了解不多,重视不够。其实,“精神维生素”对人体的作用同样很大,一旦缺乏,也会致病。“精神维生素”种类很多,主要有以下几种:     

“蚊”之诗话

正夏天来了,蚊子也来了。这种小虫嘤嘤嗡嗡,成群结队,神出鬼没,只要瞅准机会就毫不留情地咬你一口,让人不胜烦扰。自古以来,众多文人墨客对蚊子是口诛笔伐,写下了许多诗文,细细读来,倒也不乏情趣。晋朝的博选在《蚊赋》里痛说蚊子的危害:"众繁炽而无数,动聚众而成雷。肆惨毒于众生,乃餐肤以疗饥。妨男工于农田,废女红于杼机。"蚊子聚众滋事,饮人膏血,不仅有碍人体健康,更让人无法专心工作,人人都恨不能亲手诛之而后快。"五月中夜息,饥蚊尚营     

精神因素与高血压病关系初探

高血压是一种高发病,目前仍是一种危害人类健康的主要疾病之一。研究高血压病的发病,治疗和预防,对保护人类的健康具有重要的作用。当今医学,已从医学生物模式转化为社会心理医学生物模式,综合探讨高血压病的发病原因以及治疗, 预防的措施是临床医学的一项十分迫切的任务。在此,我就精神因素与高血压病的发病、治疗、预防关系谈一点自己的看法,以求医学界和心理学界的同志们给予指正。     

PATTERNS OF EXPERIENCE AND THE ACQUISITION OF CONSERVATION OF LENGTH

The effects of five procedures on the acquisition of conservation of length were studied. A Müller-Lyer illusion was used to induce apparent changes in length in the test- and practice-situations. Two procedures involved practice on addition-subtraction, one a progressive increase in the strength of the Müller-Lyer illusion, and one the anticipation of the outcome of displacements of the objects. A fifth procedure was a composite of the other four. The results showed some acquisitions in all groups, with highest frequency in the anticipation group, and lowest in the increase-in-illusion group.     

不同年龄广告名人效应的心理加工机制研究

本研究从自动化加工和控制性加工这个视角研究了名人效应的心理加工机制。实验运用加工分离程序,探讨了不同年龄阶段的受众对名人广告的信息加工模式。结果发现：(1)名人效应是一个普遍存在的现象,与用一般消费者做代言人相比,青少年、成年人(大学生)以及老年人对名人广告均明显存在更多的自动化加工,且加工水平没有年龄差异。但是,老年人的控制性加工明显低于其他两组;(2)在非注意条件下,代言人的专业化程度明显地影响了大学生组的控制性加工,但与各组被试的自动化加工都关系不大。这些研究发现为广告策略的制定带来了一些新的启示。     

JUDGMENTS OF SEXISM: A COMPARISON OF THE SUBTLETY OF SEXISM MEASURES AND SOURCES OF VARIABILITY IN JUDGMENTS OF SEXISM

We compared the subtlety of four measures of sexism and sources of variation in male and female psychology students' judgments that beliefs from these scales and everyday behaviors were sexist. Participants judged traditional gender role and hostile sexist beliefs as more sexist than benevolent and modern sexist beliefs, indicating the latter were more subtle measures of sexism. Participants also judged traditional gender role behaviors as more sexist than unwanted sexual attention, suggesting the latter may less readily be identified as sexist. Variation in judgments of beliefs as sexist was related to differences in likelihood of endorsing such beliefs. This relation fully accounted for the tendency for men to be less likely to judge beliefs as sexist in comparison to women. Endorsement of Modern and Hostile Sexist beliefs was related to judgments of behaviors as sexist. The implications of the results for scale usage and identifying sexist behavior are discussed.     

ON THE EFFECTS OF NONCONTINGENT DELIVERY OF DIFFERING MAGNITUDES OF REINFORCEMENT

We conducted a parametric analysis of response suppression associated with different magnitudes of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR). Participants were 5 adults with severe or profound mental retardation who engaged in a manual response that was reinforced on variable-ratio schedules during baseline. Participants were then exposed to NCR via multielement and reversal designs. The fixed-time schedules were kept constant while the magnitude of the reinforcing stimulus was varied across three levels (low, medium, and high). Results showed that high-magnitude NCR schedules produced large and consistent reductions in response rates, medium-magnitude schedules produced less consistent and smaller reductions, and low-magnitude schedules produced little or no effect on responding. These results suggest that (a) NCR affects responding by altering an establishing operation (i.e., attenuating a deprivation state) rather than through extinction, and (b) magnitude of reinforcement is an important variable in determining the effectiveness of NCR.     

SOME NORMATIVE IMPLICATIONS OF KORSGAARD'S THEORY OF THE INTERSUBJECTIVITY OF REASON

Abstract: This article argues that Christine Korsgaard's conception of self‐constitution can be historicized by considering the impact of actual humans on our reflective activity. Because Korsgaard bases her argument on a philosophy of action rather than of intention (as Kant does), and our actions must always be concrete, the article argues that the principles for action which we develop in reflection are likewise responses to concrete human demands. It further interprets the types of demands humans make on each other as the expression of historical circumstance rather than as transcendentally anchored. The notion of universal respect that reflection seeks to achieve is thus seen as developing by a self‐correcting process of concrete human interaction. Finally, the article concludes that there can be no metaphysical proof of morality, since morality develops through human interaction that seeks to approximate the idea of respect for persons.     

大学生自尊发展的特点

采用自编《大学生自尊评定问卷》,探讨1104名大学生自尊发展的特点。结果表明：（1）随着年级的增长大学生自尊呈稳定发展趋势,重要感、胜任感、归属感三个维度上表现出显著的年级差异。（2）大学生自尊发展存在着显著的性别差异,男生发展水平显著高于女生,性别差异主要体现在归属感维度。（3）文科生外表感维度得分显著高于理科生,独生子女、城市学生以及学生干部在自尊总分及其三个维度得分显著高于非独生子女、农村学生以及非学生干部。