成年期自我概念的年龄差异研究

自编了《自我概念问卷》（ＳＣＱ）,对初中以上文化程度６０４名２０－９４岁成年人进行了年龄差异研究。结果表明：１．ＳＣＱ信度和效度基本合格。以因素分析法将问卷归结为（１）自我意识（ＳＣ）、（２）自觉精神状态（ＭＳ）、（３）自制与自尊（ＣＮ与ＳＥ）、（４）自我力量（ＥＳ）、（５）自觉能力（ＣＡ）五个分量表。２．ＣＮ与ＳＥ随增龄显著增强,ＣＡ随年老明显降低,ＭＳ各年龄组间无区别。ＳＣ中年组高于两老年组,     

关于儒教的几个问题

关于儒教的几个问题李申ＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴＳＩＮＥＮＧＬＩＳＨＯＦＴＨＥＡＲＴＩＣＬＥＳＩＮＴＨＩＳＩＳＳＵＥ￥（ＴｒａｎｓｌａｔｅｄｂｙＸｉｎＹａｎ）ＡＦｅｗＩｓｓｕｅｓｏｎＣｏｎｆｕｃｉａｎｉｓｍＬｉＳｋｅｎＳｃｈｏｌａｒｓｂｏｔｈａｔｈｏｍｅａｎｄ...     

成年人现实生活问题解决的年龄差异

采用自行编制的十个与现实生活有关的问题,对２０至８５岁的成年人,分成青年至老老年四个年龄组进行测验,试图探讨成年人现实生活问题解决的年龄差异;并同时进行２０个问题（简称猜图）作业的实验,以期对比研究。结果看到：（１）两组主试对现实生活问题解决的评分一致率合格（ｒ值均在０．７４以上）。（２）对现实生活问题解决提出方案的数量（Ｎ）,三个较年轻组比老老年组答案多些;解决问题有效最高分（Ｈ）和各方案的平均     

主观幸福感概述

研究主观幸福感（ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｗａｌｌ－ｂｅｉｎｇ，ＳＷＢ）有助于认识和改善人类的生活质量．本文旨在介绍ＳＷＢ的概念及有关的理论，重点探索属于主观范畴的人格因素（外向性（Ｅ）、神经质（Ｎ）、开放性（Ｏ）、有爱心（Ａ）、认真（Ｃ）），及属于客观范畴的生活事件（社会关系、收入、健康状况）对ＳＷＢ的影响．     

西方女性主义伦理学——访艾利森·贾格尔教授

西方女性主义伦理学——访艾利森·贾格尔教授肖巍（清华大学人文社会科学学院）艾利森·贾格尔现为美国科罗拉多大学哲学和妇女研究教授，她从６０年代末着手研究女性主义伦理学，出版了《女性主义政治和人性》（美国ＲＯＷＭＡＮ＆ＬＩＴ－ＴＬＥＦＩＥＬＤ出版公司１９...     

诺贝尔医学奖与一氧化氮

１从ＥＤＲＦ到ＮＯ当人们还津津乐道在谈论、评价１９９７年诺贝尔医学奖项目“普利昂”（Ｐｒｉｏｎ）的时候,秋风又送来从卡罗林斯卡医学院发布的消息。今年诺贝尔医学奖的桂冠有主,殊荣赐给了研究对血管壁起扩张作用的一氧化氮（ＮｉｔｒｉｃＯｘｉｄｅ,ＮＯ）这一...     

海马CA_3区习得性LTP的进一步探讨

分辨学习中大鼠ＰＰ－ＣＡ_３突触效应有习得性ＬＴＰ产生,进一步观察到ＭＦ－ＣＡ_３及Ｃｏｍｍ－ＣＡ_３也同步地产生习得性ＬＴＰ,表明几种输入突触都产生习得性ＬＴＰ,而ＭＦ－ＣＡ_３突触效应增强的程度则较Ｃｏｍｍ－ＣＡ_３的为大（Ｐ＜０．０１）。海马ＣＡ_３注入印防己毒素能易化ＰＰ－ＣＡ_３突触习得性ＬＴＰ的产生,工作发现一侧海马ＣＡ_３注印防己毒素,易化对侧ＭＦ－ＣＡ_３突触习得性ＬＴＰ的产生,表明两侧海马ＣＡ_３区在其习得性ＬＴＰ的形成上是相互协同的。     

QUALITY OF LIFE翻译译名探讨

ＱＵＡＬＩＴＹＯＦＬＩＦＥ翻译译名探讨广州中医药大学９４级博士生（５１０４０７）刘凤斌指导王建华陈蔚文自从１９７５年Ｑｕａｌｉｔｙｏｆｌｉｆｅ（ＱＯＬ）首次作为关键词在医学文献中出现以来,在国外得到广泛应用。进入８０年代,国内医学界逐渐对ＱＯＬ在医学...     

应对的多测评维度的鉴别分析

本文对ＣＯＰＥ中文版（Ｃ－ＣＯＰＥ）的应对测评维度进行鉴别分析,７３６名大学生的测试数据的探索性因素分析结果表明,Ｃ－ＣＯＰＥ的应对维度为八个：心理资源积聚、主动控制与筹划、寻求社会支持、正面认识、情绪专注与渲泄、失助性反应、否认与心理摆脱、求助宗教。此量表结构效度良好,并且其信度也符合心理测量学要求。各应对维度测评的样本描述统计学结果反映现今大学生使用各种应对方式的程度有所不同,从群体平均水平而     

瑞文作业的年龄差异及其与“位置法”记忆训练的关系

该工作采用华东师大心理学系修订的瑞文测验联合型（ＣＲＴ—ＡＣ）,对经过“位置法”记忆训练的青年人、老年人及在年龄、性别、文化和智力水平等方面均相匹配的青年、老年对照进行测验,比较观察力和推理能力的年龄差异,探讨“位置法”记忆训练对这种能力的间接迁移作用。结果表明：１．青年组瑞文作业成绩明显高于老年组;２．当作业难度加大或限定时间时测验,更扩大了年龄差异;３．青年训练组瑞文作业成绩明显高于其对照组,而在老年训练组与其对照组之间则未见差异。     

成年人个性特征与某些认知作业的关系

采用NEO-FFI个性问卷研究了个性特征与记忆、问题解决及视觉搜索反应时的关系。作业难度均属中下。被试为20－85岁四组成年人120名。结果：（1）相关和多元逐步回归分析结果完全一致：外向性（E）对人姓回忆及图形再认有负性预测关系,开放性（O）对人姓回忆及猜图用策略百分比有正性预测关系。（2）控制年龄因素的偏相关结果表明,神经质分（N）和清图用策略百分比,E分和图形再认、人姓回忆,认真负责分（C）和数字、字母、汉字搜索反应时均呈负相关。（3）认知指标加入个人情况诸因素作为自变量与个性特征求多元逐步回归方程显示,解决问题方案数量与E分呈负性预测关系,心理状态等因素与个性预测影响更大。（4）认知作业与个性特征关系各年龄组结果不同,两者关系青年组和老老年组较大,这可能与不同年龄成年人神经系统功能状态差异有关。     

The five factor model of personality: Openness a distinct but related construct

It has been argued that the Openness (O) dimension from the five factor model (FFM) of personality may in fact be an associate of the ability domain more than the personality domain. This paper explores this hypothesis using a sample of 101 managers. Participants completed the NEO-FFI and a measure of ability assessing the construct as typical performance. This measure was an occupational specific measure of typical intellectual engagement (TIE), termed the “problem solving through challenge” PSC scale. A combination of LISREL CFA and hierarchical multiple linear regression (HMLR) indicated that in fact O was a distinct but related construct to the other four dimensions of the FFM (N, E, A and C), but that O was more strongly correlated with PSC than the other dimensions. These results are taken to indicate that O, while associated with personality, assesses something to do with problem solving as a personality trait. Further the results suggest that E linked O to the other personality scales.     

成年人分类概括力水平的年龄差异及其与记忆的关系

采用威斯康星卡片分类测验（Ｗｉｓｃｏｎｓｉｎｃａｒｄｓｏｒｔｉｎｇｔｅｓｔ,ＷＣＳＴ）对青年组（２０—２５岁）、老年组（６０—６５岁）和老老年组（７０—７５岁）共９０例被试进行分类概括力水平测试,并在结束测试时询问被试与测试有关的几个问题。结果显示：青年组分类概括力水平明显高于老年组;坚持性错误数、非坚持性错误数和总错误数以及坚持性反应数,青年组明显少于老年组;完成作业平均用时间,青年组明显比老年组短;老老年组ＷＣＳＴ多数项目的成绩明显高于老年组;分类概括力水平与记忆密切相关;某些元认知项目与分类概括力水平表现出一致的趋势。     

The relationship between five-factor personality measurements and ICD-10 personality disorder dimensions: results from a sample of 229 subjects

This article examines the relationship between the five-factor model (FFM) and dimensional ICD-10 personality disorders. In a follow-up study of a child and adolescent psychiatric cohort, former patients and controls were assessed with NEO-FFI and the IPDE interview (CD-10 personality disorder). Full data were available for 229 subjects (149 former patients, 80 controls). Multiple regression analysis showed that the five factors of the FFM as independent variables explained between 5% (schizoid personality disorder) and 32% (anxious personality disorder) of the variance of ICD-10 dimensional personality disorder scores. For the two types of emotionally unstable personality disorder dimension (impulsive and borderline), for anxious (avoidant) personality disorder dimension and for the total score of any personality disorder dimension, FFM explained between 17% and 32% of the variance with almost identical results for the former patient group and the control group. High neuroticism was a feature of paranoid, emotionally unstable, histrionic, anankastic, anxious (avoidant), and dependent personality disorder dimensions, whereas low agreeableness was found in dissocial, emotionally unstable and histrionic personality disorder dimensions. Low extraversion was found in schizoid, anxious (avoidant) and dependent personality disorder dimensions, whereas histrionic PD dimension correlated with high extraversion. We find that the FFM is valuable for the further understanding not only of DSM-IV but also of ICD-10 personality disorder dimensions. The differences between ICD-10 and DSM-IV in this respect seem to be small.     

Personality types and self-reported aggressiveness

Applying a person-centered approach, three personality types based on the NEO-FFI scales were identified in a sample of N = 141 participants by means of clustering methods. They were described as a resilient (low N, high E), a non-desirable (high N, low E, A, and C), and a reserved overcontrolled prototype (low E and O, high A and C). The prototypes were related to the level of aggressiveness, assessed by the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Results indicate that the three clusters differ mainly in their levels of hostility, verbal aggressiveness, and with respect to anger. With respect to total aggressiveness, the non-desirable prototype displayed the highest and the reserved prototype the lowest AQ scores. The results are discussed in relation to studies based on a variable-centered approach. Possible implications for treatment and research are addressed.     

Do personality scale items function differently in people with high and low IQ?

Intelligence differences might contribute to true differences in personality traits. It is also possible that intelligence might contribute to differences in understanding and interpreting personality items. Previous studies have not distinguished clearly between these possibilities. Before it can be accepted that scale score differences actually reflect personality differences, personality items should show measurement invariance. The authors used item response theory to test measurement invariance in the five-factor model scales of the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) and NEO-Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) across two groups of participants from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 with relatively low and high cognitive abilities. Each group consisted of 320 individuals, with equal numbers of men and women. The mean IQ difference of the groups was 21 points. It was found that the IPIP and NEO-FFI items were measurement invariant across all five scales, making it possible to conclude that any differences in IPIP and NEO-FFI scores between people with low and high cognitive abilities reflected personality trait differences.     

A validation of the five-factor model of personality in academically talented youth across observers and instruments

Four instruments—the NEO-Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), the Adjective Check List (ACL), the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the California Child Q-Set (CCQ)—and two data sources—self reports and parental ratings—were used to assess personality dimensions according to the five-factor model of personality in 870 academically talented youth (mean age = 13.77) from the U.S.A. Data from the parents of 565 of these children were also analysed. The factor structure of the self and parent reports, the convergence between the two sources of reports and the correlations of the adjectives in the ACL with the scores on the NEO-FFI were all consistent with previous results obtained from adults. The findings largely support the notion that the five-factor model as derived from data from adults is applicable to academically talented youth.     

Romanticism as a function of age, sex, and ethnicity

This study examined the association between romanticism (operationalized as mean score on the Romantic Beliefs Scale) and age, sex, and ethnicity in a large community sample (N = 436). Age was negatively correlated with romanticism scores; as age increased, romanticism scores decreased. No sex differences were found; men and women had similar, moderate scores. Although ethnicity largely was unrelated to romanticism, Asian/Pacific Islander participants were significantly more romantic than were African-American participants.     

Personality types and self-reported aggressiveness

Applying a person-centered approach, three personality types based on the NEO-FFI scales were identified in a sample of N = 141 participants by means of clustering methods. They were described as a resilient (low N, high E), a non-desirable (high N, low E, A, and C), and a reserved overcontrolled prototype (low E and O, high A and C). The prototypes were related to the level of aggressiveness, assessed by the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Results indicate that the three clusters differ mainly in their levels of hostility, verbal aggressiveness, and with respect to anger. With respect to total aggressiveness, the non-desirable prototype displayed the highest and the reserved prototype the lowest AQ scores. The results are discussed in relation to studies based on a variable-centered approach. Possible implications for treatment and research are addressed.