特殊人群艾滋病行为干预的思考

艾滋病直接危害人类的健康,也对社会、政治、经济及人文伦理道德产生重大的负面影响.对艾滋病病人犯罪的监管问题,公安干警的职业暴露问题,都是目前司法实践中遇到的新课题.加强艾滋病患者违法监管,对特殊群体进行行为干预,是司法结构急待解决问题.     

监管场所艾滋病检测结果告知和监管方式分析

通过现场调查和文献归纳,总结了我国监管场所艾滋病病毒检测阳性结果告知的形式和对感染该病毒的被监管人员的监管方式,分析了各形式的利弊.并提出建议:对艾滋病检测阳性结果采取相对及时的有条件的所内告知,对感染者尽可能实行集中监管的方式,并完善监管场所内预防艾滋病的措施等.     

预防艾滋病与善待艾滋病患者

艾滋病是由人类免疫缺陷病毒引起的传染病 ,即获得性免疫缺陷综合征。艾滋病是一种目前尚无有效治愈办法、病死率极高的恶性传染病 ,它在世界的广泛流行已成为严重的公共卫生问题和经济问题、社会问题。1　艾滋病在超速蔓延自 1 981年美国在世界上发现首例艾滋病后 ,艾滋病迅速在世界各地蔓延。现艾滋病已蔓延到五大洲 ,3 0 0多个国家和地区 ,席卷全球每一个角落 ,被称为人类历史上第一个全球流行病。世界卫生组织和联合国艾滋病联合规划署近期在日内瓦发布的《2 0 0 1年艾滋病状况》报告指出 ,2 0 0 1年全世界共有5 0 0万人感染上艾滋病。…     

艾滋病人心理问题的探讨及其应对策略

我国艾滋病患者持续上升。艾滋病不仅损害了人们的躯体健康,也同时损害了人们的心理健康,引发心理危机。观察300例患者发现：抑郁症41．3％、焦虑症31．4％、报复心理20．0％、麻木8．3％。艾滋病的防治不仅仅是治疗肌体病痛的问题,还应该治疗患者的心理问题。因此运用系统论对艾滋病人心理问题中的相关问题进行探索和剖析,动员患者及全社会行动起来,才能达到对艾滋病的有效控制。     

疑似艾滋病者的自我实现

“疑似艾滋病”问题具有复杂的社会和心理背景.以社会学的“自我实现预言”理论对疑似艾滋病问题进行了分析:疑似艾滋病者基于高危行为、恐惧心理和染上艾滋病的可能性;预测和相信自己染上了艾滋病;并以上述三个方面当作自己已染上艾滋病的证据;从而陷入了自我实现预言的陷阱.     

中国大学生对艾滋病知识的了解以及对艾滋病患者的反应

本研究区分艾滋病知识的两个不同侧面: 对艾滋病的误解和对艾滋病的正确认识, 并第一次在中国探讨这两个不同侧面的知识对艾滋病患者的认知、情感、行为反应的不同预测作用。119名(31男, 88女)来自上海、132名(59男, 73女) 来自广州的大学生参加了本调查。结果发现被调查的大学生: 1) 普遍对艾滋病存在误解, 即认为艾滋病可以通过日常的一般接触传染, 并且, 这种误解和对艾滋病的正确认识相互独立; 2) 都表达了对艾滋病患者的厌恶情感、与艾滋病患者接触的不舒服感; 3) 尽管如此, 但都不支持对艾滋病患者采取强制措施, 也不认为艾滋病患者感染艾滋病是他们自己的责任。研究还发现, 和来自广州的大学生相比, 来自上海的大学生对艾滋病有着更多的了解, 对艾滋病患者有着更少的负性情感、更少的消极态度、他们也更少地把感染责任归结到患者本身。特别有趣的是, 本研究发现, 对艾滋病患者的负性反应具有显著预测能力的是对艾滋病患者的误解而不是正确认识, 即误解越多, 负性反应越多。这些发现提示, 中国未来的艾滋病防治工作应该继续大力加强对艾滋病相关知识的宣传教育, 不仅要让人们知道艾滋病是通过什么途径传染的, 还要特别消除他们对艾滋病的许多误解, 从而减少或消除对艾滋病患者的许多歧视性反应, 营造一个良好的艾滋病防治环境; 同时, 中国的艾滋病防治还应该注意地区差异, 不同地区的防治力度和采取的策略应该和各地的实际疫情相适应。     

论我国艾滋病防治工作中的政府职能

艾滋病是世界性的重大公共卫生问题和社会问题。近年来,我国艾滋病的流行呈现快速上升趋势,流行范围广,局部地区疫情相当严重,疫情正在从高危人群向一般人群传播。政府的组织领导是做好我国艾滋病防治工作的根本保证,各级政府要强化政府的公共卫生职责,发挥政府的主导作用,动员足够的防治资源和力量,引导社会各方面力量的广泛参与,打一场防治艾滋病的“人民战争”,我们一定能够控制艾滋病的流行。     

对建立我国艾滋病防治督导与评估体系的思考

随着我国艾滋病防治工作的持续深入,定期对艾滋病防治工作进行督导与评估越来越重要。但是,到目前为止,我国尚未建立国家综合协调的艾滋病防治督导与评估体系。通过对建立国家艾滋病防治督导评估体系的必要性、可行性及存在的问题进行分析,围绕如何构建一个统一、综合、有效的督导评估体系提出政策建议。     

完善艾滋病人医疗保险政策的对策探讨

我国基本医疗保险并不拒绝艾滋病人,但由于艾滋病的特殊性,参保艾滋病人在享受基本医疗保险待遇的同时遇到了一些问题,对艾滋病参保人群和医疗保险制度本身都产生了一些影响。在对这些问题进行分析的基础上,有针对性地提出了一些对策,希望能对艾滋病人更好地享受基本医疗保险待遇有所帮助。     

寻求艾滋病的真正克星

本文重点论述了性自由、性解放是艾滋病赖以生存的根基 ,并指出道德、中华民族的传统美德及其教育 ,是艾滋病的真正克星。     

Empowering Latino Church Leaders to Deal with the HIV-AIDS Crisis: A Strengths-Oriented Service Model

Ideology and attitudes of Latino church leaders in the United States toward HIV/AIDS are explored. A qualitative approach utilized with emergent categories including: a desire within the Latino church for greater acceptance of HIV/AIDS sufferers, the supposed contaminating influence of HIV/AIDS individuals over other church members, and the feelings of helplessness many church members experience in relation to the HIV/AIDS crisis. Understanding ideological resistance that prevents engagement is here identified and a strategy of empowerment of church leaders is recommended to overcome it including: adopting a strengths-oriented service model that focuses on resources religious denominations already have, as opposed to a financially driven, medically oriented service model that highlights what churches often do not have; church leaders educating health care agencies on how to use religious beliefs to motivate church members to work on behalf of HIV/AIDS patients; the power of doctrinal ideology in affecting church and civil society’s response to HIV/AIDS.     

盘锦市2005年～2013年艾滋病流行特征分析

分析盘锦市艾滋病瘦情流行特征,为预防控制提供依据.对盘锦市2005年～2013年艾滋病瘦情数及流行病学调查资料进行统计分析.结果盘锦市2005年～2013年累计报告HIV/AIDS 127例,病例逐年上升,男性显著高于女性,发病年龄以20岁～44岁的青壮年,未婚占54.88％,感染途径以性途径为主,占95.28％,男男同性占61.42％,病例主要发现途径为医疗机构的检测及疾控机构的检测咨询.因此,盘锦市的艾滋病瘦情呈上升趋势,以性传播途径为主,尤其是男男同性增加明显.     

Terminal illness and coping with loneliness

Loneliness is a universal phenomenon, and its pain is intensified by a diagnosis of a terminal illness. The present study is an investigation of the coping strategies used by HIV/AIDS patients, by individuals diagnosed with cancer, and by the general population. Forty-three HIV/AIDS patients, 38 cancer patients, and 53 participants from the general population answered a 34-item questionnaire. Results indicated that with the exception of reflection and acceptance and religion and faith, those afflicted with HIV/AIDS cope with loneliness significantly differently from members of the other two groups. The findings of this exploratory study suggest that cancer patients and the general population do not differ in the ways they cope with loneliness.     

Correlates of loneliness as perceived by the terminally Ill

The pain of loneliness is a universal social phenomenon, which is intensified by a diagnosis of a terminal illness. The present study investigated the causes of loneliness as perceived by HIV/AIDS patients, those diagnosed with cancer, and the general population. Forty-three HIV/AIDS patients, 38 cancer patients, and 53 participants from the general population answered a 29 item questionnaire. Results indicated that with the exception of social marginality, those afflicted with HIV/AIDS perceived the causes of their loneliness to be significantly different from those of the other two samples. Secondly, cancer patients and subjects from the general population did not differ significantly in the perceived causes of their loneliness. The author thanks Dr. Joe Regan, Fabio Belpulsi, Joann Bennett, Yvone Peterson, and Gina Ramberan for their invaluable assistance.     

Correlates of loneliness as perceived by the terminally Ill

The pain of loneliness is a universal social phenomenon, which is intensified by a diagnosis of a terminal illness. The present study investigated the causes of loneliness as perceived by HIV/AIDS patients, those diagnosed with cancer, and the general population. Forty-three HIV/AIDS patients, 38 cancer patients, and 53 participants from the general population answered a 29 item questionnaire. Results indicated that with the exception of social marginality, those afflicted with HIV/AIDS perceived the causes of their loneliness to be significantly different from those of the other two samples. Secondly, cancer patients and subjects from the general population did not differ significantly in the perceived causes of their loneliness. The author thanks Dr. Joe Regan, Fabio Belpulsi, Joann Bennett, Yvone Peterson, and Gina Ramberan for their invaluable assistance.     

Knowledge and attitudes of Pakistani medical students towards HIV-positive and/or AIDS patients

As the incidence of HIV increases, one of the major steps in preventing a widespread epidemic is to make certain that medical students are prepared to recognize and treat HIV infections and their related conditions, and to counsel patients about avoiding risks that might lead to infections. This cross-sectional study assessed the knowledge level of 357 medical students and their attitudes about AIDS and HIV enrolled in a Medical College in Karachi, Pakistan. Only 6% of the students had complete knowledge on symptoms of HIV/AIDS and 7% of the students had complete knowledge on the modes of transmission of HIV. Statistical analysis of demographic factors affecting knowledge was done. Linear regression and Maentel-Haenszel tests showed that older and clinical students were more knowledgeable of symptoms and modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS. Ten attitudes were correlated with knowledge and none of these showed an association. These results on knowledge indicate that education about HIV/AIDS should be incorporated in the curriculum and interventions must be taken by public health professionals to avoid poor treatment outcomes.     

Psychometric properties of the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) among HIV/AIDS patients

AIDS patients and HIV carriers who are aware of their condition are under multiple kinds of stress with adverse effects on their emotional state and personal and social activity. This paper reports the psychometric properties of the DAS (Death Anxiety Scale) using the Spanish version in the clinical setting. The sample is made up of 148 HIV/AIDS patients (109 men and 39 women). The internal consistency of the scale was .72 and its test-retest reliability was .70. Principal components analysis extracted five factors that jointly accounted for 56.5% of the total variance. As, on the whole, these results are very similar to those reported by other authors, it is concluded that the Spanish DAS is a valid instrument for the assessment of death anxiety in Spanish HIV/AIDS patients.     

The Role of the Black Church in HIV Prevention: Exploring Barriers and Best Practices

Black people have the highest rate of HIV/AIDS infection in the USA, and they are less likely to access quality physical and mental healthcare. To address these disparities as outlined in the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, there is a need for culturally congruent, innovative approaches to HIV/AIDS prevention. The first multi‐denominational national study of Black faith leaders was conducted utilizing focus groups that were held in 11 US cities. The 265 participants were faith leaders who reported involvement in such prevention practices as sponsoring HIV/AIDS workshops, integrating HIV/AIDS messaging in the worship service, hosting HIV/AIDS screenings, distributing written materials about HIV/AIDS through the bulletin or flyers, pastoral counselling, advocating for policies that provide quality healthcare to the community and disseminating HIV/AIDS prevention messages through new media such as the Church website. These findings, including attention to barriers to engagement, provide insight into innovative practices that can be integrated into faith‐based HIV/AIDS prevention programming. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of HIV/AIDS Information on Attitudes Toward AIDS: A Cross-Ethnic Comparison of College Students

College students (N = 274) from five ethnic groups were administered an AIDS information questionnaire and the Attitudes Toward AIDS Scale (ATAS; Goh, in press) to determine the effects of AIDS information on attitudes toward AIDS. A series of chi-squares and multivariate analyses of variance indicated significant differences among ethnic groups on the usage of HIV/AIDS information, the self-reported degree of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, measured knowledge about HIV/AIDS, and HIV/AIDS-related attitudes. Besides ethnicity, access to HIV/AIDS information and self-reported degree of knowledge about AIDS had significant effects on a person's measured knowledge of and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS.     

HIV/AIDS and health care workers: contact with patients and attitudes towards them

Data on a range of variables associated with contact with patients with HIV/AIDS and attitudes towards them were collected from 174 Scottish health care workers. Measures of attitudes and contact (overall, social and physical) were derived from the scales devised by Pleck et al. (1988). The measure of overall contact was not significantly related to attitudes, but those with predominantly social contact with patients with HIV/AIDS had more positive attitudes towards them. This relationship was moderated by occupational characteristics, concern about working with people of unknown HIV status and neuroticism. With all these variables controlled, including social contact, those who had not received in-service training relating to HIV/AIDS had more negative attitudes. The results are discussed with regard to the measurement of social contact with patients, salient beliefs, the occupational characteristics associated with attitudes, and in-service education.