特殊人群艾滋病行为干预的思考

艾滋病直接危害人类的健康,也对社会、政治、经济及人文伦理道德产生重大的负面影响.对艾滋病病人犯罪的监管问题,公安干警的职业暴露问题,都是目前司法实践中遇到的新课题.加强艾滋病患者违法监管,对特殊群体进行行为干预,是司法结构急待解决问题.     

预防艾滋病与善待艾滋病患者

艾滋病是由人类免疫缺陷病毒引起的传染病 ,即获得性免疫缺陷综合征。艾滋病是一种目前尚无有效治愈办法、病死率极高的恶性传染病 ,它在世界的广泛流行已成为严重的公共卫生问题和经济问题、社会问题。1　艾滋病在超速蔓延自 1 981年美国在世界上发现首例艾滋病后 ,艾滋病迅速在世界各地蔓延。现艾滋病已蔓延到五大洲 ,3 0 0多个国家和地区 ,席卷全球每一个角落 ,被称为人类历史上第一个全球流行病。世界卫生组织和联合国艾滋病联合规划署近期在日内瓦发布的《2 0 0 1年艾滋病状况》报告指出 ,2 0 0 1年全世界共有5 0 0万人感染上艾滋病。…     

艾滋病人心理问题的探讨及其应对策略

我国艾滋病患者持续上升。艾滋病不仅损害了人们的躯体健康,也同时损害了人们的心理健康,引发心理危机。观察300例患者发现：抑郁症41．3％、焦虑症31．4％、报复心理20．0％、麻木8．3％。艾滋病的防治不仅仅是治疗肌体病痛的问题,还应该治疗患者的心理问题。因此运用系统论对艾滋病人心理问题中的相关问题进行探索和剖析,动员患者及全社会行动起来,才能达到对艾滋病的有效控制。     

国内艾滋病问题的研究现状评析

通过时在"中国知网"检索结果的分析发现,在中国学界流行病学或医学掌握艾滋病问题研究的主流话语权,人文社会科学界对这一问题的研究相对较少,而且正从伦理学视角向社会学视角转变.出于艾滋病防治的迫切需要,学者更多地关注"行为干预"的理论与模式探讨,应用性研究较多而理论研究薄弱.     

护理扩展培训在艾滋病干预模式中的探讨

新疆艾滋病形势严峻,艾滋病重点疫区的护理人员普遍存在着对艾滋病知识的缺乏,对艾滋病患者持有歧视、恐惧的心理及缺乏基本的防护知识等现状,艾滋病护理扩展培训项目的实施,通过对护理人员进行的艾滋病知识培训,对艾滋病干预模式进行了有益的探索和实践.     

国内艾滋病问题的研究现状评析

通过对在“中国知网”检索结果的分析发现,在中国学界流行病学或医学掌握艾滋病问题研究的主流话语权,人文社会科学界对这一问题的研究相对较少,而且正从伦理学视角向社会学视角转变。出于艾滋病防治的迫切需要,学者更多地关注“行为干预”的理论与模式探讨,应用性研究较多而理论研究薄弱。     

不同文化程度者对艾滋病预防干预措施的认知研究

国务院于2006年2月12日公布了《艾滋病防治条例》,从法律上对预防艾滋病传播的干预措施予以确定。但社会公众对艾滋病预防干预措施的认知,特别是文化程度较低者的知晓率和认知态度还需通过宣传进一步加强,以利艾滋病预防干预措施更好实施,进一步防治艾滋病的传播。     

护理扩展培训在艾滋病干预模式中的探讨

新疆艾滋病形势严峻,艾滋病重点疫区的护理人员普遍存在着对艾滋病知识的缺乏,对艾滋病患者持有歧视、恐惧的心理及缺乏基本的防护知识等现状,艾滋病护理扩展培训项目的实施,通过对护理人员进行的艾滋病知识培训,对艾滋病干预模式进行了有益的探索和实践。     

两害相权取其轻——关于艾滋病的预防干预措施

艾滋病在我国传播主要与注射吸毒者和不安全的性关系有关.近年来,我国一些地区实施了对注射吸毒者实施的清洁针具交换和美沙酮药物维持治疗以及在娱乐场所发放安全套等预防艾滋病传播的干预措施.国务院于2006年2月12日公布了<艾滋病防治条例>,从法律上对预防艾滋病传播的干预措施予以认可,拟从伦理层面阐述对预防干预措施的可行性.     

两害相权取其轻——关于艾滋病的预防干预措施

艾滋病在我国传播主要与注射吸毒者和不安全的性关系有关。近年来,我国一些地区实施了对注射吸毒者实施的清洁针具交换和美沙酮药物维持治疗以及在娱乐场所发放安全套等预防艾滋病传播的干预措施。国务院于2006年2月12日公布了《艾滋病防治条例》,从法律上对预防艾滋病传播的干预措施予以认可,拟从伦理层面阐述对预防干预措施的可行性。     

艾滋病揭示的性别不公正

贫困妇女人群中HIV新发感染不成比例上升的现象揭示了社会中的性别不公正,通过美国和肯尼亚的案例说明,预防艾滋病需要认可和促进妇女的人权,减少针对妇女的暴力,并保障妇女的教育,普及艾滋病相关知识.对女性主义进行了重新阐释,并以南非"和平与和解"运动为例指明了新的前进方向.     

Researching HIV/AIDS,Education & Childhood in the African Context

This article offers a reflective review of 12 articles and 4 brief reports included in this special issue of the International Journal of Psychology in Africa with the theme, ‘HIV/AIDS, education and childhood in the African context’. Muthukrishna and Ramsuran (2007) have emphasised that the consequences of HIV/AIDS can be far-reaching for children and young people resulting in unequal life chances. It is thus fitting that this special issue should be edited by them in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, in the country (and province) with the highest levels of incidence of HIV/AIDS in Africa. In this article I offer a commentary on how the interpretive lenses of the authors who are located in various disciplines provide a theorised understanding of what shapes knowledge constructions in situated African contexts.     

Differential Risk Perceptions for Unintended Pregnancy,STDs, and HIV/AIDS Among Urban Adolescents: Some Preliminary Findings

Two pilot studies tested the hypothesis that adolescents perceive differential risks for unintended pregnancy (UP), sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). The 1st study used a college sample consisting of 14 adolescents (21 years or younger) and 64 adults (over 21) who rated the likelihood that they and others would experience 15 health problems. The 2nd study used a community sample of 48 adolescents between 16 and 21 years of age who rated 11 health problems in a similar manner. Optimistic bias and uniqueness of risk in adolescents' perceived susceptibility to adverse sexual outcomes were examined. Optimistic bias is the difference between ratings of risk to self and risk to others, reflecting lower risk to self. Uniqueness of risk is the difference between ratings of risk and a baseline risk estimate (i.e., the mean rating for all non-sex-related health problems). Consistent with the hypothesis, adolescents perceived differential risks for UP, STDs, and HIV/AIDS. Implications for adolescent prevention programs are discussed.     

山西省艾滋病防治政策分析

阐述了艾滋病在山西省流行的现状,探讨了艾滋病引发的社会问题,分析了艾滋病防治条例、四免一关怀政策以及艾滋病自愿咨询与检测制度的执行情况以及在执行过程中所存在的主要问题,研究了山西省艾滋病防治工作相关基金的来源和使用情况,针对山西省在艾滋病防治工作中存在的问题,提出了艾滋病防治工作与社区工作相结合的建议。     

The Passion to Heal: A Theological Pastoral Approach to HIV/AIDS

Abstract. The global pandemic of HIV/AIDS is the most significant challenge of our time. The ongoing conversation between religion and science comes to a critical juncture in this pandemic. The global community has not yet found a vaccine or cure for this virulent virus, which will likely claim five million more lives in the coming year. The global statistics challenge even the most sophisticated imagination, with projections in the tens of millions of people dead, orphaned children, and many more living in various stages of incapacitation or diminished lives. There is a common prophetic religious imperative among Western faith communities that urgently requires both science and religion to respond. Both disciplines define their scope and purpose as universal, and the global pandemic provides a significant challenge to that universal claim. Regardless of the many differences among the nations and peoples challenged by this pandemic, there is a common moral foundation to which the Western religious and scientific traditions must respond. Religion and science cannot deny their respective social responsibilities by claiming the role of neutral bystander. There are several critical ethical choices to be made in response to the pandemic, and the disciplines of religion and science are critical in formulating those choices.     

Listening to the Voices of Children in Early Schooling in the South African Context of HIV/AIDS

This study explored how children in early schooling interpreted their social reality to construct vulnerable childhoods in an HIV/AIDS context. Ten males and ten females between the ages of eight and nine years from low-income families in KwaZulu-Natal participated in the study. In order to raise the voices of the children, a listening framework was created through participatory techniques. Focus group interviews, drawings, story telling and projection techniques were used in the study. The study found that children actively interpreted their social reality through engaging with circumstances that surrounded their lives in an HIV/AIDS context. Child activism is important to HIV/AIDS education.     

Subverting Culture: Promoting HIV/AIDS Prevention Among Puerto Rican and Dominican Women

This article discusses the challenges faced by researchers and interventionists when attempting to promote change in social norms and normative beliefs that promote HIV/AIDS risk-related behaviors among Puerto Rican and Dominican women. The article focuses on the role of culture in HIV/AIDS prevention with women by analyzing the sociohistorical context of some cultural beliefs and by illustrating the tension between risk-related and protective cultural beliefs in research conducted by the authors with women in both New York and Puerto Rico. The authors propose that promoting changes in sex-related social norms and normative beliefs might be constructed as a subversive act and present the challenge this analysis poses for community psychology. They conclude that this conceptualization might be construed as subversive because rather than idealizing culture, it promotes changes that respect diversity within the culture and foster participation in the development of new cultural values, beliefs and norms.     

Gender as an Obstacle in HIV/AIDS Prevention: Considerations for the Development of HIV/AIDS Prevention Efforts for Male-to-Female Transgenders

SUMMARY

Social discourses regarding gender are responsible for molding people's cognitions, perceptions, behaviors, and interactions with others. Approaching and understanding gender socialization is an important strategy that must be included in the development of HIV/AIDS prevention intervention efforts targeting male-to-female (MTF) transgender people.

This paper represents an effort to identify the influence of gender construction among a group of MTF transgenders in Puerto Rico. Using combined methodology, authors examined results from a questionnaire and in-depth interviews with a convenience sample of MTF transgenders living in the San Juan metropolitan area.

Quantitative analysis demonstrated that this sample is composed of young, unemployed, and undereducated population. Many participated in the sex industry. Participants reported need for basic health and social services and alienation from social networks. Qualitative analysis confirmed their traditional social construction of the “feminine.” Their discourse underlines their need to reinforce their identity by the construction of a female self which undermines their possibilities for negotiating safer sex, as happens to most females in Latino societies.

Social vulnerability, institutional exclusion, and gender construction issues are obstacles for the HIV prevention efforts among these communities.