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1.
P Bernin T Theorell C G Sandberg 《Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science》2001,36(2):121-136
The aim was to explore the patterns of correlations between psychosocial stress indices and neuroendocrinological factors in managers. Fifty-eight male managers in three Swedish companies constituted the sample. They answered two questionnaires with 17 selected stress indices and also an organizational test. The indices have been analyzed by means of computations of age adjusted partial correlations with nine different variables analyzed in fasting blood samples. The serum concentrations of lipids were the variables most strongly correlated with psychosocial factors. Neither smoking nor physical activity changed the correlations significantly. Good social support at work and in private life was consistently associated with low adverse serum lipids and corresponding lipoproteins. On the other hand, some indices of social support were associated with indices of high arousal levels. This may indicate a possible psychophysiological "load effect" of some aspects of social support in managers. The analyses of corporate culture measured as "Rules of the Game" indicated that "bureaucracy" was significantly associated with high LDL-cholesterol and low HDL-cholesterol. Managers have special conditions and therefore the patterns of associations between psychosocial conditions and coping strategies on one hand and endocrine-biochemical state on the other hand may be different from those of other groups. To what extent such differences are due to individual characteristics or environmental factors needs to be further investigated. According to the results, however, good social support is in general health promoting also to managers, at least with regard to serum lipids. Bureaucracy, on the other hand, seems to be dangerous to the health of managers. 相似文献
2.
Jacob D. Christenson D. Russell Crane McArthur HafenJr. Stacy Hamilton G. Bruce Schaalje 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2011,33(4):441-460
A number of studies have examined variables associated with health care use. However, no study is known to have considered
health care use among people seeking services for marital and family problems. In this study, health care use of persons (N = 110)
seeking these services was investigated to determine the strongest psychosocial correlates of health care use. The goal was
to identify potential “targets” of clinical intervention that may be driving excessive health care use. “Informational support”
and “somatization” were the strongest correlates for the complete sample, with the model explaining 24% of the variance in
health care use. For “high users” of health care, “hostility” was the strongest correlate, accounting for more than 36% of
the variance in health care use. 相似文献
3.
This study examines the role of income in a psychosocial resource impairment model that explains partner violence and distress.
Using data from a nationally representative sample, we test whether psychosocial resources of social support and self-esteem
operate differently in four income groups (poor, “working”-poor, middle and upper-income). Structural equation modeling shows
that among women considered working-poor, low self-esteem is relevant for the process through which violence becomes linked
to distress. Women of upper-income appear distinct with negative interactions serving as sole mediator of violence and distress.
Other findings indicate impaired support may mediate the violence and distress relation for women, regardless of income. Overall,
income partially moderates the impact of partner violence on distress, suggesting social contexts should be considered when
examining the effects of violence. 相似文献
4.
Gerhard Schurz 《Synthese》2011,178(2):307-330
While “scientism” is typically regarded as a position about the exclusive epistemic authority of science held by a certain
class of “cultured despisers” of “religion”, we show that only on the assumption of this sort of view do purportedly “scientific”
claims made by proponents of “intelligent design” appear to lend epistemic or apologetic support to claims affirmed about
God and God’s action in “creation” by Christians in confessing their “faith”. On the other hand, the hermeneutical strategy
that better describes the practice and method of Christian theologians, from the inception of theological reflection in the
Christian tradition, acknowledges the epistemic authority of the best available tests for truth in areas of human inquiry
such as science and history. But this strategy does not assume that such tests, whose authority must be regarded as provisional,
provides authority for the warrant of affirming claims constituting the confessed “faith”. By attributing theological import
to claims advanced by appeal to the best available tests for truth in the practice of science, supporters of ID not only confuse
the epistemic authority of these tests with the normative authority of a faith community’s confessional identity, but impute
to scientific tests for truth a sort of authority that even goes beyond the “methodological naturalism” against which they
counterpose their claims. 相似文献
5.
Toomela A 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2007,41(2):198-207
In this paper I suggest that to better understand knowledge construction in science, and the role of social processes and
collaboration in it, it is useful to distinguish between “elaborative knowledge” and “emergent knowledge.” Elaborative knowledge
is constructed for solving clearly defined problems in established theoretical frameworks, and emergent knowledge refers to
the knowledge constructed to reach a hierarchically higher and more complex level of scientific understanding. There are also
two types of collaboration. On the one hand there is “dialogical collaboration” in which team members contribute to reaching
the common clearly defined objective so that a team as a whole becomes qualitatively more complex than its members alone.
On the other hand there is “unidirectional collaboration” where the result of collaboration is determined by one person, should
be distinguished. There is evidence from multiple perspectives indicating that “elaborative knowledge” can be developed in
both kinds of collaboration and sometimes ‘dialogical collaboration” is necessary for knowledge construction. However, for
building “emergent knowledge,” it is argued, only individual or “unidirectional collaboration” is productive, and “dialogical
collaboration” can hinder or even prevent the construction of this kind of knowledge.
相似文献
Aaro ToomelaEmail: |
6.
Joel W. Krueger 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2011,10(1):1-22
This paper is an exploration of how we do things with music—that is, the way that we use music as an “esthetic technology”
to enact micro-practices of emotion regulation, communicative expression, identity construction, and interpersonal coordination
that drive core aspects of our emotional and social existence. The main thesis is: from birth, music is directly perceived
as an affordance-laden structure. Music, I argue, affords a sonic world, an exploratory space or “nested acoustic environment”
that further affords possibilities for, among other things, (1) emotion regulation and (2) social coordination. When we do
things with music, we are engaged in the work of creating and cultivating the self, as well as creating and cultivating a
shared world that we inhabit with others. I develop this thesis by first introducing the notion of a “musical affordance”.
Next, I look at how “emotional affordances” in music are exploited to construct and regulate emotions. I summon empirical
research on neonate music therapy to argue that this is something we emerge from the womb knowing how to do. I then look at
“social affordances” in music, arguing that joint attention to social affordances in music alters how music is both perceived
and appropriated by joint attenders within social listening contexts. In support, I describe the experience of listening to
and engaging with music in a live concert setting. Thinking of music as an affordance-laden structure thus reaffirms the crucial
role that music plays in constructing and regulating emotional and social experiences in everyday life. 相似文献
7.
Gary L. St. C. Oates 《Social Psychology of Education》2009,12(4):415-441
The viability of five prominent explanations for the black–white performance gap (“academic engagement,” “cultural capital,”
“social capital,” “school quality” and “biased treatment”) is examined using NELS data and a LISREL model that adjusts for
clustering of students within schools. Empirical models have typically assessed these factors individually—a practice that probably fosters overestimation of their explanatory power. School quality and biased treatment emerge as
the primary explanations for black–white high school test performance differentials. Access to better-quality schools and
receipt of more stimulating interpersonal “signals” from gatekeepers ensue from racial (and socioeconomic) privilege. Enhanced
test performance in turn ensues from these resources. In essence, the explanations for the racial gap that place more emphasis
on what black and white students “bring to” high school (i.e., specific levels of engagement, cultural and social capital),
seem less consequential to performance differentials than “what happens to” them when they get there (i.e., quality of education
provided, and race-contingent treatment received). 相似文献
8.
Jeremy Waldron 《The Journal of Ethics》2004,8(1):5-35
“Terrorism”' is sometimes defined as a “form ofcoercion.” But there are important differences between ordinary coercion and
terrorist intimidation. This paper explores some of those differences, particularly the relation between coercion, on the
one hand, and terror and terrorization, on the other hand. The paper argues that while terrorism is not necessarily associated
with terror in the literal sense, it does often seek to instill a mental state like terror in the populations that it targets.
However, the point of instilling this mental state is not necessarily coercive or intimidatory: one can try to instill terror
as an act of punishment, or as an expressive or therapeutic act, or because one values the political consequences that might
follow, or because one thinks terror is preferable, from an ethical point of view, to the inauthentic complacency that characterizes
the targeted population at present. Though this paper asks questions about the definition of “terrorism,” these questions
are not asked for their own sake. The quest for a canonical definition of “terrorism” is probably a waste of time. But asking
questions which sound like questions of definition is sometimes a fruitful way of focusing our reflections on terrorism and
organizing our response.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
Teachers facing school failure: the social valorization of effort in the school context 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Maria Cristina Matteucci 《Social Psychology of Education》2007,10(1):29-53
This paper describes two studies concerning teachers’ classroom interventions facing school failure. The role of two main
variables is investigated: the lack of effort as a cause of failure students are held responsible for by teachers, and teacher’s
social representations of intelligence. The first study (Study 1) explored the impact of “lack of effort” causal attribution
for student’s failure on the intervention strategies adopted by 122 high school teachers. Study 2 analyzed the impact of social
representations of intelligence, held by 202 high school teachers, on “lack of effort” causal inference and on behavioral
interventions. Results highlight that teachers mostly choose more severe educational interventions with retributive purpose
when failure is ascribable to an absence of effort expenditure by the student. Moreover, the findings support the role of
teachers’ social representations of intelligence in failure explanations and in educational practices, showing that “lack
of effort” attribution and practices with retributive purpose are predicted by the social representation of intelligence “as
a gift”. Results are analyzed and discussed by considering the effort as a normative parameter of the school environment.
This research was supported financially in part by MURST “University funds, 2004 (Ex 40%)”. Portions of these results were
presented at the 8th International Conference on Social Representations, Rome. 相似文献
10.
11.
Nima Ghorbani P. J. Watson Stephen W. Krauss Mark N. Bing H. Kristl Davison 《Current Psychology》2004,23(2):111-123
This investigation most importantly sought to illustrate the use of social science to promote cross-cultural dialogue. Fukuyama
(1992) explained contemporary cultural trends in terms of a triumphant individualism that would overcome all other forms of
social life, including what he described as the “fundamentalist resentment” of Iran. Lasch (1979) more pessimistically diagnosed
Western social arrangements in terms of an emerging “culture of narcissism.” In this study, Iranian and American university
students responded to measures of narcissism, individualist and collectivist values, religious interest, and psychological
adjustment (identity, self-actualization, and self-consciousness). Variables related to a sense of community (collectivist
values, religious interest, and identity) correlated negatively with narcissism in both societies, as did self-actualization.
These data supported a moderate position between the polarized extremes of Fukuyama and Lasch and more importantly demonstrated
how social scientific methods might be useful in creating a “space” for conducting a “dialogue between civilizations.” 相似文献
12.
This investigation most importantly sought to illustrate the use of social science to promote cross-cultural dialogue. Fukuyama
(1992) explained contemporary cultural trends in terms of a triumphant individualism that would overcome all other forms of
social life, including what he described as the “fundamentalist resentment” of Iran. Lasch (1979) more pessimistically diagnosed
Western social arrangements in terms of an emerging “culture of narcissism.” In this study, Iranian and American university
students responded to measures of narcissism, individualist and collectivist values, religious interest, and psychological
adjustment (identity, self-actualization, and self-consciousness). Variables related to a sense of community (collectivist
values, religious interest, and identity) correlated negatively with narcissism in both societies, as did self-actualization.
These data supported a moderate position between the polarized extremes of Fukuyama and Lasch and more importantly demonstrated
how social scientific methods might be useful in creating a “space” for conducting a “dialogue between civilizations.” 相似文献
13.
The present study explores to what extent Asian elephants show “means–end” behavior. We used captive Asian elephants (N = 2) to conduct four variations of the Piagetian “support” problem, which involves a goal object that is out of reach, but
rests on a support within reach. In the first condition, elephants were simultaneously presented with two identical trays
serving as the “support”, with the bait on one tray and the other tray left empty. In the next two conditions, the bait was
placed on one tray, while additional bait was placed beside the other tray. In the last condition, both trays contained bait,
but one of the trays had a small gap which prevented the elephants from reaching the reward. Subjects were required to choose
and pull either tray with their trunk and to obtain the bait (i.e. goal). Results showed that one elephant performed all of
the support problems significantly above chance after several sessions, suggesting that the elephant was capable of understanding
that pulling the tray was the “means” for achieving the “end” of obtaining the bait. This study showed that elephants show
means–end behavior when subjected to a Piagetian “support” task, and indicates that such goal-directed behavior occurs in
species other than primates. 相似文献
14.
The present 2-wave study among 258 secondary school teachers investigates the relationship between personal and organizational
resources on the one hand, and work-related flow on the other hand. On the basis of Hobfoll’s (1988) conservation of resources
theory, Bandura’ social cognitive theory (1997; 2001), and Fredrickson’s (1998) “broaden-and-build” theory of positive emotions,
we formulated two hypotheses: (1) personal resources (i.e., self-efficacy beliefs) and organizational resources (including
social support climate and clear goals) facilitate work-related flow (work absorption, work enjoyment, and intrinsic work
motivation); and (2) work-related flow has a positive influence on personal and organizational resources. The results of a
series of structural equation modeling analyses offer clear support for both hypotheses. The theoretical and practical implications
of these findings are discussed.
*This research was supported by a grant from the Bancaixa Foundation (#11232.01/1) and the Spanish Ministry of Science & Technology
(CICYT #SEC2000-1031). 相似文献
15.
Chuanhua Peng 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2011,6(2):193-216
Xunzi’s philosophy of language was mainly unfolded through the “discrimination of ming 名 (names) and shi 实 (realities)” and the “discrimination of yan 言 (words) and yi 意 (meanings).” Particularly, the “discrimination of names and realities” was centered on the propositions that “realities
are realized when their names are heard” and that “names are given to point up realities,” including the view on the essence
of language such as “names expect to indicate realities” and “conventions established by usage,” the view of development of
language such as “coming form the former usage and being newly established,” and the view of functions of language such as
“discriminating superiority and inferiority and differentiating identities and differences”; while the “discrimination of
words and meanings” mainly contained two aspects: One was that words could completely represent meanings while it could not
do so on the other hand, and the other was that the Dao should be grasped through “an unoccupied, concentrated and quiet mind.”
Xunzi’s philosophy of language stressed both language’s value attribute and its cognitive attribute, and it is the greatest
achievement of pre-Qin dynasty’s philosophy of language. 相似文献
16.
This paper explores the links between the changes associated with the processes of globalization and their psycho-social consequences.
Focusing primarily on socio-cultural domain, it examines the impact of globalization on various facets of individual psyche.
The paper also looks at social functioning, delineates the role of globalization and acculturation processes in the decentring,
dislocation, and reconstitution of core identities that provide crucial linkages to the well-being consequences. The review
shows that despite threats to their valued identities, ethnic-minority immigrants who adopt active, problem-focused coping
and/or identify with their social identity-based support groups cope efficaciously with stress of identity-based discrimination
and devaluation, protect their well-being, and even report enhanced collective self-esteem. The “threatened identities” and
“coping options—resources and strategies” that are invoked to cope with such threats, are significant psycho-social moderators
between the processes of globalization and the well-being of individuals and groups. 相似文献
17.
18.
张黔 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2009,4(1):52-63
“Beauty” is a very important concept in Pre-Qin Confucian aesthetics. Pre-Qin Confucian aesthetics generally had two viewpoints
when defining beauty: Negatively, by stressing that “beauty” in the aesthetic sense was not “good”; and positively, by stressing
two factors: one, that beauty was related to “feeling” which was not an animal instinct, the other was that “beauty” was a
special texture with a particular meaning. “Beauty” in Pre-Qin Confucian aesthetics may be defined as “texture (or form)”
capable of communicating feeling or triggering a reaction of feeling.
__________
Translated from Shanghai shifan daxue xuebao 上海师范大学学报 (Journal of Shanghai Normal University), 2007, (7): 80–85 相似文献
19.
Nausheen B Gidron Y Gregg A Tissarchondou HS Peveler R 《Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2007,10(1):37-44
Self-reported or explicit loneliness and social support have been inconsistently associated with cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) to stress. The present study aimed to adapt an implicit measure of loneliness, and use it alongside the measures of explicit loneliness and social support, to investigate their correlations with CVR to laboratory stress. Twenty-five female volunteers aged between 18 and 39 years completed self-reported measures of loneliness and social support, and an Implicit Association Test (IAT) of loneliness. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) reactivity indices were measured in response to psychosocial stress induced in the laboratory. Functional support indices of social support were significantly correlated with CVR reactivity to stress. Interestingly, implicit, but not explicit, loneliness was significantly correlated with DBP reactivity after one of the stressors. No associations were found between structural support and CVR indices. Results are discussed in terms of validity of implicit versus explicit measures and possible factors that affect physiological outcomes. 相似文献
20.
Mariette Hellemans 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2007,26(5):499-504
After integrating the main lines of argumentation developed in the special issue, this paper makes a balance of the question
on the public role of the university. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the discussion underlying the articles collected in
the issue. A distinction is made between “comprehending” the past and present of the university on the one hand and “justifying”
the university and its public role on the other hand. In view of this distinction, it is argued that the question concerning
the value of a (normative) idea of the university and its public role is related to the question of democracy. The question
is, however, not only whether we live in a democracy, but whether we may still speak of a “commitment to democracy”. An inquiry
into the meaningfulness of a (normative) “idea” of the university arises directly from this question. At this point, the viewpoint
of Derrida is introduced to discuss the question of the democracy and university of the future. 相似文献