4-5年级学生的空间表征与几何能力的相关性研究

本研究是“学生空间能力和几何能力关系”研究的一部分,以小学4、5年级学生为被试(共117人),以空问表征能力测验和几何能力测验为测验工具,初步探讨了学生空间表征与几何能力的关系。对数据结果的分析表明:①就总成绩而言,五年级学生的空间表在成绩明显高于四年级学生的成绩,但并不是空间表征的所有方面都存在着显著的年级差异;②就空间测验的总成绩而言,无论是四、五年级分别考察还是总起来考察,空间成绩与几何成绩之间的相关显著,但就各个分项而言,并不是空间测验的各项都与几何测验成绩有显著相关;学生的几何成绩在一定程度上可通过回归方程:Y_i=0.5736X_i+0.7635加以预测。     

音乐能力测验:结构拓展与分析方式的转换

从测验结构上,一般音乐能力测验包含基本认知能力、审美能力和创造能力测验.而现代音乐能力测验延伸到奏唱能力、表演交流能力和个体特质测验,从结构上对其进行拓展和完善.另一方面,从分析方式上,教育测验从总结性评价朝形成性评价方向发展.以美国国家评价与教育计划(NAEP)为例对测验项目进行属性层面的分析,证明了音乐能力认知诊断测验(CDA)的可能性.未来的研究应注意音乐能力测验结构的完整性和系统性,并将音乐能力认知诊断测验应用到实际当中.     

采用MLTM作测量与认知结合研究的进一步探讨

1　引言　　LLTM (LinearLogisticTestModels)可以从刺激特征方面解释项目难度和被试作答概率以及被试的能力值 ,特别是把以往单纯的难度参数变成了线性组合 ,从而可以多方面多维度地解释难度参数。但LLTM的测验项目还是跟以往的测验一样 ,只有一次测验 ,也只有一个笼统的能力值 ,这样就不能更加深入地解释被试的能力 ,尤其是不能就认知加工过程来解释被试的能力值和不同心理特质。如对于具有同一能力值的被试 ,在任何项目上其答对概率都是一样的 ,这就不能了解他们的个体差异。而如果把被试的认知加工过程分解成几个心理成分 ,构建子…     

中学生空间认知能力结构的研究

以510名中学生为被试,采用自编的《空间认知能力倾向成套测验》,考察了中学生空间认知能力的结构特点。结果表明：(1)在中学生被试的空间认知能力结构中,主要包括图形分解／组合能力、数学关系形象化表达能力、心理旋转能力、空间意识能力、空间定向能力、图形特征记忆能力和图形特征抽象／概括能力等成分;(2)在初中生与高中生的空间认知能力结构中,大部分成分是相同的,但这些成分在各自结构中的重要性程度却不相同。     

行政职业能力测验阅读理解能力考查体系研究

本研究对行政职业能力测验中的阅读理解分测验考查何种能力要素进行了深入探讨.研究一首先通过文献法初步概括出行政职业能力测验阅读理解的能力考查体系,进而使用出声思维的方法对该考查体系进行验证和补充,最后通过专家调查论证方法对其进行最终确定.结果表明,行政职业能力测验阅读理解考查了6种能力,分别是提取信息能力、理解意义能力、理解细节能力、分析结构能力、概括能力及推断能力,其中提取信息能力和理解意义能力是基础.在此基础上,研究二使用该能力框架选取合适的行政职业能力测验阅读理解题目,组成一套阅读理解测验,并借助认知诊断方法,通过专家标定测验的Q矩阵,利用实测数据对研究一构建的能力考查体系的完备性进行了验证.     

影响Sternberg双重任务测验评定飞行能力的因素分析

１前言Ｓｔｅｒｎｂｅｒｇ双重任务作为一种典型的心理运动测验,以测量人的手一眼协调能力和双任务下的注意分配能力为目的．受到心理选拔工作的高度重视,在许多著名的心理测验系统中都可以找到该技术的踪影。研究中我们发现,Ｓｔｅｒｎｂｅｒｇ双重任务主要用于评价实际飞行的快速反应能力、分析判断能力、实际飞行操纵能力和飞行能力综合评价。但由于飞行员年龄、文化程度和驾驶飞行机种的差异,其评价效果是有差异的。本研究目的在于,探讨年龄、文化程度和飞行机种对Ｓｔｅｒｎｂｅｒｇ双重任务测验成绩的影响,探讨三项因素对双重任…     

汽车司机安全驾驶性向测验的建构

本研究之目的是建构适用于我国的汽车司机安全驾驶性向测验。经各种检验结果表明,无论是能力测验还是个性测验,它们在信度和效度上均达到了要求。因此,为进一步标准化奠定了基础。     

采用LLTM作测量与认知结合研究的初步探讨

心理测量学与认知心理学相结合是新型测验理论和测验设计的核心思想。这两者的结合需要理论证实的认知加工模型和基于现代测验理论之上的测量模型,本文以空间认知能力的加工过程为例,通过心理学的实证研究,探索了心理测量学与认知心理学相结合的切入点及理论模型。     

军用能力倾向测验的产生、发展和贡献

军用能力倾向测验是为军事需要服务的能力倾向测验,它有独立的产生和发展过程并在整个能力倾向测验领域起关键作用。在特殊能力倾向的效度研究,能力理论的验证,发现新的能力和测验手段上的创新等方面均有重要贡献。     

中美成人基本认知能力的年龄差异

为了研究中关成人基本认知能力的年龄差异,采用西亚图纵向研究模型的方法对中关被试5种基本认知能力进行测量。结果发现,不同文化下5种能力的成绩存在显著的年龄差异。并且这种差异不能完全用教育上的差异来解释。年龄较大被试在所有基本能力测验上成绩较低。男性被试在归纳推理、空间和数字能力上成绩较好,女性被试在语义和词语流畅性测验上成绩较好。研究表明文化环境和历史等因素对成人认知发展具有一定的影响。     

室内照度和时间对警觉性和视空绩效的影响

本研究考察了白天室内照度和测验时间对个体视空工作记忆和视空能力及主观情绪和警觉性的影响。采用2(高/低照度水平)×2(上午/下午)混合设计,结果发现：被试在高照度水平下的柯西块任务的正确率更高,警觉反应更快,且尤其体现在下午时段;而不同照度水平对点记忆任务、视空能力测验和主观情绪无显著影响。结果表明白天室内照度能够影响个体的视空工作记忆和警觉性,主要表现在高照度照明环境的积极作用上,而对个体的视空能力及情绪变化影响微弱。     

How Important Is the Digital Divide? The Relation of Computer and Videogame Usage to Gender Differences in Mental Rotation Ability

Researchers interested in the associations of gender with spatial experience and spatial ability have not yet focused on several activities that have become common in the modern digital age. In this study, using a new questionnaire called the Survey of Spatial Representation and Activities (SSRA), we examined spatial experiences with computers and videogames in a sample of nearly 1,300 undergraduate students. Large gender differences, which favored men, were found in computer experience. Although men and women also differed on SAT scores, gender differences in computer experience were still apparent with SAT factored out. Furthermore, men and women with high and low levels of computer experience, who were selected for more intensive study, were found to differ significantly on the Mental Rotations Test (MRT). Path analyses showed that computer experience substantially mediates the gender difference in spatial ability observed on the MRT. These results collectively suggest that the “Digital Divide” is an important phenomenon and that encouraging women and girls to gain spatial experiences, such as computer usage, might help to bridge the gap in spatial ability between the sexes.     

The Relation Between Experience and Spatial Performance in Men and Women

The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that environmental factors affect the magnitude of gender differences in spatial performance only when the tasks used are susceptible to the influence of such factors. Two hundred and ninety White middle-class undergraduate students (165 females, 125 males) completed the Vandenberg and Kuse Mental Rotations Test (MRT), a paper and pencil version of the Water Level Task (WLT), and toys and sports preference questionnaires. Results revealed that males outperformed females on both spatial tests. In addition, a main effect of toys preference showed that participants with a spatial toys preference outperformed those with a nonspatial preference on both the MRT and the WLT. This main effect was qualified by an interaction between this factor and gender. The interaction was found only on the WLT and showed that gender differences were only significant in participants with a nonspatial preference. An interaction of sports preference and gender was also observed. This interaction revealed that, in contrast to what was obtained with toys, gender differences on both spatial tests were significant only in participants with a spatial sports preference. Implications of these findings with regard to the development of gender differences in spatial abilities are discussed.     

Age-related similarities and differences in monitoring spatial cognition

Spatial cognitive performance is impaired in later adulthood but it is unclear whether the metacognitive processes involved in monitoring spatial cognitive performance are also compromised. Inaccurate monitoring could affect whether people choose to engage in tasks that require spatial thinking and also the strategies they use in spatial domains such as navigation. The current experiment examined potential age differences in monitoring spatial cognitive performance in a variety of spatial domains including visual–spatial working memory, spatial orientation, spatial visualization, navigation, and place learning. Younger and older adults completed a 2D mental rotation test, 3D mental rotation test, paper folding test, spatial memory span test, two virtual navigation tasks, and a cognitive mapping test. Participants also made metacognitive judgments of performance (confidence judgments, judgments of learning, or navigation time estimates) on each trial for all spatial tasks. Preference for allocentric or egocentric navigation strategies was also measured. Overall, performance was poorer and confidence in performance was lower for older adults than younger adults. In most spatial domains, the absolute and relative accuracy of metacognitive judgments was equivalent for both age groups. However, age differences in monitoring accuracy (specifically relative accuracy) emerged in spatial tasks involving navigation. Confidence in navigating for a target location also mediated age differences in allocentric navigation strategy use. These findings suggest that with the possible exception of navigation monitoring, spatial cognition may be spared from age-related decline even though spatial cognition itself is impaired in older age.     

The Relationship Between Cognitive Ability and Positive and Negative Priming in Identity and Spatial Priming Tasks

The authors examined whether stimulus activation and inhibition in the identity priming task are related to the temporal lobe, and whether these processes in the spatial priming task are related to the parietal lobe. Forty participants performed spatial and identity positive and negative priming tasks, the Vandenberg Mental Rotation task, and the Digit Span task. Both men and women showed significant positive and negative priming in the identity and spatial tasks with no gender difference. The magnitude of identity positive priming was predicted by the Digit Span task, and the magnitude of spatial positive priming was predicted by the mental rotation task. Only women showed a correlation between spatial ability and spatial negative priming. The results are partially consistent with the dorsal-ventral model of cognitive inhibition.     

Spatial Strategy Selection: Interesting Incremental Information

The aim of this article is to show that individuals differ in the way they solve spatial tasks of all kinds, and both research on and measurement of spatial ability could profit from an integration of strategy aspects. We first review evidence for both intra- and interindividual strategy differences (including gender differences) in 3 domains of spatial cognition: spatial ability tests, mental rotation, and environmental orientation and navigation. Then, we present additional evidence from 2 of our own studies. Finally, we discuss what a focus on strategy aspects could add to basic research and to spatial ability testing, and we give some concrete suggestions for integrating strategy assessment into standard spatial tests.     

Sex differences in parietal lobe morphology: relationship to mental rotation performance

Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the human brain have reported evidence for sexual dimorphism. In addition to sex differences in overall cerebral volume, differences in the proportion of gray matter (GM) to white matter (WM) volume have been observed, particularly in the parietal lobe. To our knowledge there have been no studies examining the relationship between the sex differences in parietal lobe structure and function. The parietal lobe is thought to be involved in spatial ability, and particularly involved in mental rotation. The purpose of this study is to examine whether sex differences in parietal lobe structure are present, and if present to relate these differences to performance on the mental rotations test (MRT). We found that women had proportionately greater gray matter volume in the parietal lobe compared to men, and this morphologic difference was disadvantageous for women in terms of performance on the MRT. In contrast, we found that men compared to women had proportionately greater parietal lobe surface area, and this morphologic difference was associated with a performance advantage for men on mental rotation. These findings support the possibility that the sexual dimorphism in the structure of the parietal lobe is a neurobiological substrate for the sex difference in performance on the mental rotations test.     

Spatial ability in secondary school students: Intra‐sex differences based on self‐selection for physical education

Past research has demonstrated consistent sex differences with men typically outperforming women on tests of spatial ability. However, less is known about intra‐sex effects. In the present study, two groups of female students (physical education and non‐physical education secondary students) and two corresponding groups of male students explored a large‐scale virtual shopping centre. In a battery of tasks, spatial knowledge of the shopping centre as well as mental rotation ability were tested. Additional variables considered were circulating testosterone levels, the ratio of 2D:4D digit length, and computer experience. The results revealed both sex and intra‐sex differences in spatial ability. Variables related to virtual navigation and computer ability and experience were found to be the most powerful predictors of group membership. Our results suggest that in female and male secondary students, participation in physical education and spatial skill are related.     

Sex differences in strategy and performance on computerized neuropsychological tests as related to gender identity and age at puberty

Neuropsychological sex differences have since long been under debate. Support for the relation between behavioral differences and biological variables like hormone influence is, however, emerging. Sixteen men and sixteen women, all university students, were tested with computerized neuropsychological tests (APT), the Bem Sexual Role Inventory, and asked about pubertal age. The results were in line with earlier findings of sex differences in neuropsychological tests, men being faster and women more cautious. The assumption that women tend to use left-hemispheric, verbal/serial strategies also in spatial tasks was also partly supported. In women, late onset of puberty was related to better spatial performance, and there were also more intercorrelations between verbal and spatial tests in the female than in the male group, indicating that women use less specific strategies (more g-factor intelligence) in problem solving, or that aptitudes are less compartmentalized in women than in men.     

Enhanced mental rotation ability in time-space synesthesia

Time-space synesthesia is a variant of sequence–space synesthesia and involves the involuntary association of months of the year with 2D and 3D spatial forms, such as arcs, circles, and ellipses. Previous studies have revealed conflicting results regarding the association between time-space synesthesia and enhanced spatial processing ability. Here, we tested 15 time-space synesthetes, and 15 non-synesthetic controls matched for age, education, and gender on standard tests of mental rotation ability, spatial working memory, and verbal working memory. Synesthetes performed better than controls on our test of mental rotation, but similarly to controls on tests of spatial and verbal working memory. Results support a dissociation between visuo-spatial imagery and spatial working memory capacity, and suggest time-space synesthesia is associated only with enhanced visuo-spatial imagery. These data are consistent with the time-space connectivity thesis that time-space synesthesia results from enhanced connectivity in the parietal lobe between regions supporting the representation of temporal sequences and those underlying visuo-spatial imagery.