情绪、性别和方案数量对危机决策的影响

本研究采用实验和问卷相结合的方法,探讨了愤怒和恐惧情绪及不同的方案数量对危机决策的影响,并分析了该效应的性别差异。研究结果表明:(1)恐惧情绪下被试的危机决策时间显著长于其在愤怒情绪下的危机决策时间,且情绪和性别变量在危机决策时间上存在显著的交互作用;(2)女性在恐惧情绪下的危机决策时间显著长于其在愤怒情绪下的危机决策时间,且显著地长于男性的危机决策时间。同时,男性对其危机决策的满意程度显著高于女性,且情绪变量和性别变量在危机决策自信程度指标上存在显著的交互作用;(3)随着方案数量的增加,尤其当方案数量为4时,被试的危机决策时间较其他两种情况显著增长。该研究结果可为各类突发性危机事件的管理与决策提供依据。     

情绪对危机决策质量的影响

为探究情绪在危机情境下对决策质量的影响,研究通过影片诱发实验情绪,运用实验室实验考察了以情绪变量为主导、包括性别和任务难度等在内的相关因素对危机决策的作用机制。结果发现：（1）随着危机决策任务难度的增加,个体用于决策的时间显著增长,且性别与情绪类型间存在显著的二次交互作用;（2）在危机情境下,男性的产生新方案率明显高于女性;（3）男性被试对危机决策过程的自信程度显著高于女性,且情绪与难度变量之间交互作用显著;（4）个体对于自身危机决策结果的满意程度,在性别、情绪和难度变量之间存在显著的三次交互效应。     

具体情绪与人格特质对决策信息加工过程的影响

研究选取120名大学生,探讨了具体情绪与人格特质对平均决策时间、决策的信息搜索深度和决策的信息搜索模式的影响。结果发现:(1)在平均决策时间上,具体情绪与人格特质主效应显著,并且交互影响决策的信息加工过程。在悲伤情绪下,内控型比外控型人格的个体平均决策时间要长。内控型个体在悲伤情绪比高兴情绪状态下平均决策时间长。(2)在决策信息搜索深度上,具体情绪与人格特质主效应显著,并且交互影响决策的信息加工过程。在悲伤情绪下,内控型比外控型人格的个体信息搜索深度要深。内控型个体在悲伤情绪比高兴情绪状态下信息搜索深度要深。(3)在决策信息搜索模式上,具体情绪与人格特质主效应显著,但两者交互作用不显著。内控型比外控型人格特质的被试在悲伤状态下更倾向于基于选项加工,内控型个体在悲伤状态比在高兴状态下也倾向于选项加工,而外控型个体在高兴情绪状态比在悲伤情绪状态下更倾向于线索加工。     

情绪和认知方式对个体建议采纳的影响*

通过电影诱发被试的情绪,利用两个实验探讨了情绪和认知方式对个体建议采纳的影响。实验一采用选择任务,实验二采用估计任务,研究发现:(1)愉快情绪状态下的被试建议采纳程度高于愤怒的被试,场依存型被试建议采纳程度高于场独立型被试,女性比起男性更易采纳他人建议;(2)在估计任务中,无论场依存者还是场独立者,在愤怒状态下建议采纳程度无显著差异,且均低于愉快状态下。     

愤怒和悲伤情绪对助人决策的影响:人际责任归因的作用

基于具体情绪理论——评价倾向框架理论(ATF),采用两项研究考察负性情绪愤怒和悲伤对助人决策的影响,并探究人际责任归因在这一关系中的作用。两项研究均采用自传体情绪记忆任务诱发情绪,研究一中自变量情绪为组间变量,包括愤怒、悲伤和中性三个水平,因变量助人决策操作为为他人花费时间;研究二中自变量1为组间变量情绪,包括愤怒和悲伤,自变量2为组内变量人际责任归因,操作为模糊归因、不可控的情景归因、可控的自我归因三种情境,因变量助人决策操作为为他人花费金钱。结果发现:(1)与愤怒情绪相比,悲伤情绪下个体为他人花费的时间和捐助的金钱更多;(2)在模糊的人际责任归因条件下,悲伤个体会比愤怒个体捐助更多的钱。研究表明:同为负性情绪的愤怒和悲伤在助人决策上的作用不同,悲伤个体比愤怒个体做出更多的助人决策;人际责任性归因会影响附带情绪和助人决策的关系。研究结论有助于理解附带情绪对助人决策的影响,进一步丰富并延伸ATF理论的证据和领域,对发挥情境中人际责任归因在助人决策中的作用具有一定的现实意义。     

暴力电脑游戏对个体攻击性的影响

以75名大学生为被试,采用3×2×2被试间设计,探讨电脑游戏暴力对个体的攻击性行为、攻击性情绪和攻击性认知的影响。结果表明:(1)暴力电脑游戏导致个体的攻击性行为增加。游戏与性别和攻击性特质的两重和三重交互作用不显著;(2)暴力电脑游戏对个体的攻击性情绪无显著影响;(3)暴力电脑游戏启动了攻击性认知。游戏、性别和攻击特质这三个变量在攻击性认知上交互作用显著,对于男性,暴力电脑游戏在高攻击性个体身上比低攻击性个体启动了更多的攻击性认知;对于女性,暴力电脑游戏对高低攻击性个体攻击性认知的启动没有显著差异。     

具体情绪对个体建议采纳的影响

通过两个实验探讨了不同评价倾向的情绪对个体建议采纳的影响.实验1采用视频片段诱发被试的恐惧和愤怒情绪,实验2则采用视频片段诱发悲伤和厌恶情绪,根据JAS范式,两个实验均采用硬币估计任务来衡量建议采纳程度.结果 表明:(1)不同情绪对建议采纳程度的影响不同,恐惧情绪状态下被试的建议采纳程度要高于愤怒情绪和中性情绪状态下的...     

情绪智力及相关变量对职业决策线索加工的影响

以66名应届或往届大学生为被试,运用何小蕾（2004）修订的情绪智力量表和信息板技术探讨了决策时限、选项数量及情绪智力对职业决策过程中线索加工的影响。结果发现：（1）决策时限和选项数量影响职业决策过程中各条线索的平均点击次数和平均加工时间,说明完成信息板任务过程中被试加工线索的策略会因为决策时限和选项数量的变化而发生改变;（2）情绪智力水平对职业决策中的信息搜索模式有显著影响,高情绪智力水平者倾向于采用基于选项的复杂搜索策略;（3）情绪智力的各维度对职业决策中信息加工的平均决策时间、搜索深度和搜索模式具有不同的影响,其中管理情绪、表达情绪对决策时间和搜索深度均有显著影响,理解情绪对决策时间有显著影响,利用情绪对搜索深度和搜索模式有显著影响,而情绪发展对决策时间有显著影响。     

股价和性别对模拟选股决策的影响

该模拟研究考察了股价和性别因素对股票新手选股决策的影响。股价为组内变量,分高低两个水平。被试是48名大学生,男女各半,均无股票操作经验。实验结果表明,股价对股票选择时间没有显著影响,但对被试体验到的冲突强度有明显影响,被试选择高价股时感受到的冲突强度显著高于选择低价股时感受到的冲突强度;在股票选择时间上存在显著的性别差异,女性选择时间明显长于男性的选择时间。     

异性交友决策任务上为不同心理距离他人决策的风险偏好

使用中国文化背景下修订的Beisswanger等人的异性交友决策问卷, 采用2种方法操纵自我-他人心理距离, 考察了男女大学生在后果严重性不同的异性交友决策任务上为不同心理距离他人决策风险偏好的差异。实验1发现, 被试为具体和笼统他人决策时的风险偏好无显著差异, 在后果不严重任务上比后果严重任务上更冒险, 男性比女性更冒险。心理距离与决策者性别的交互作用显著：男性为具体他人决策更冒险, 而女性为笼统他人决策更冒险。实验2发现, 被试为不相似他人比为相似他人决策更冒险, 在后果不严重任务上比在后果严重任务上更冒险, 男性比女性更冒险。后果严重性与决策者性别交互作用显著：男性在后果严重和不严重任务上的风险偏好无显著差异, 而女性在后果不严重任务上比后果严重任务上更冒险。综合两个实验的结果, 可以得出以下结论：相对于具体和笼统他人的区分而言, 相似和不相似他人的区分是一种更加稳定和有效的区分自我-他人心理距离的方法。结合相关研究及理论对结果进行了讨论。     

自我—他人危机决策信息加工过程的差异:来自眼动的证据

本研究采用iView X-RED眼动仪,分两个实验来考察自我-他人危机决策的信息加工过程的差异。实验一采用单因素实验设计探讨自我-他人危机决策的信息加工过程,结果表明：为自我决策组的平均阅读时间、平均注视时间、平均注视次数、平均凝视时间、平均回视次数都显著高于为他人决策组。实验二采用2（任务框架：积极,消极）x2（决策者角色：为自我、为他人）混合实验设计,结果表明：在积极框架下,为自我决策组平均阅读时间、平均注视时间、平均注视次数、平均凝视时间、平均回视次数显著高于为他人决策组;在消极框架下,两个组没有显著差异。总体表现为,自我-他人危机决策的信息加工过程存在差异,且受任务框架的影响。     

Social anxiety and the experience of positive emotion and anger in everyday life: an ecological momentary assessment approach

Abstract

A few recent studies have found evidence showing that social anxiety is associated with diminished positive affect and elevated anger. However, prior work has relied on trait self-report measures of global positive mood or anger. In this preliminary study, we examined how trait social anxiety relates to moment-to-moment positive and angry emotional states as people navigate through their natural environment in a given day. Of additional interest was whether any associations were limited to social situations or were evident more broadly in non-social situations as well. For 14 days, 38 non-clinical community adults carried electronic diaries to assess their experience of positive emotions, anger, and their current social context and activity. Participants were randomly prompted up to four times per day, leading to 1702 observations. Results showed that social anxiety was associated with less time spent feeling happy and relaxed and more time spent feeling angry throughout the day. In general, people felt happier when they were with other people compared to being alone. Interestingly, people with relatively higher levels of social anxiety reported fewer and less intense positive emotions and greater anger episodes across social and non-social situations.     

Can an angry woman get ahead? Status conferral, gender, and expression of emotion in the workplace

Three studies examined the relationships among anger, gender, and status conferral. As in prior research, men who expressed anger in a professional context were conferred higher status than men who expressed sadness. However, both male and female evaluators conferred lower status on angry female professionals than on angry male professionals. This was the case regardless of the actual occupational rank of the target, such that both a female trainee and a female CEO were given lower status if they expressed anger than if they did not. Whereas women's emotional reactions were attributed to internal characteristics (e.g., "she is an angry person,"she is out of control"), men's emotional reactions were attributed to external circumstances. Providing an external attribution for the target person's anger eliminated the gender bias. Theoretical implications and practical applications are discussed.     

Patterns of emotional responses to affective situations: Relations among happiness,sadness, anger,fear, depression,and anxiety

Although emotion research and clinical practice often implicitly entail judgments about the patterns and situational appropriateness of a person's emotional reactions, we have little empirical knowledge of how emotions typically interrelate during various affective situations. To assess patterns of response to normative situations, a questionnaire was constructed and validated to include items primarily eliciting one of six emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, depression, and anxiety) and one of three intensities (low, moderate, and high). A total of 216 persons rated one of four forms of the questionnaire on each of the six emotional categories. Each of the six types of situations generated significantly different patterns of emotion. As Izard (1972) predicted, depression situations elicited more complex patterns of emotion than sadness situations, including significantly more anger, fear, and anxiety. In contrast, anxiety situations did not elicit more complex patterns than fear situations. Rather, the evidence was more consistent with the conclusion that fear is a particular type of anxiety. Various other relations among specific emotions are discussed, as well as some subtle sex differences and intensity effects. The data highlight the sensitivity with which the assessment of patterns of emotions associated with specific situations can produce new information about the nature of affective experience.     

THE GENDER STEREOTYPING OF EMOTIONS

Three studies documented the gender stereotypes of emotions and the relationship between gender stereotypes and the interpretation of emotionally expressive behavior. Participants believed women experienced and expressed the majority of the 19 emotions studied (e.g., sadness, fear, sympathy) more often than men. Exceptions included anger and pride, which were thought to be experienced and expressed more often by men. In Study 2, participants interpreted photographs of adults'ambiguous anger/sadness facial expressions in a stereotype-consistent manner, such that women were rated as sadder and less angry than men. Even unambiguous anger poses by women were rated as a mixture of anger and sadness. Study 3 revealed that when expectant parents interpreted an infant's ambiguous anger/sadness expression presented on videotape only high-stereotyped men interpreted the expression in a stereotype-consistent manner. Discussion focuses on the role of gender stereotypes in adults'interpretations of emotional expressions and the implications for social relations and the socialization of emotion.     

儿童在困难情景中的情绪反应

以80名二、五年级儿童为被试,采用临床访谈法,考察在困难情景中儿童的情绪反应,包括情绪类型、情绪表达、表达与否的理由和后继行为。结果表明:1)儿童报告羞愧/伤心多于生气,倾向于表达情绪,在解释是否表达情绪的原因时主要强洞自我保护和强调事实等理由,主要采取改变情景的后继行为。2)儿童倾向于表达生气,不表达羞愧/伤心。3)儿童对情绪反应各变量的认知还存在性别、年级和观众类型的个体差异。     

幼儿生气和伤心情绪情景理解

考察三类成人（113名幼儿母亲、42名幼儿教师、221名大学生）对西方研究者常用的22个生气和伤心情景中幼儿情绪的推断;以中国成人的情绪情景理解为标准,进一步考察120名4-6岁幼儿生气和伤心情景理解能力的发展。结果表明：三类成人一致推断的6个生气情景和6个伤心情景,与西方研究者的界定基本一致;幼儿的伤心情景理解能力显著高于生气情景理解能力;4岁幼儿的伤心情景理解能力显著低于5岁和6岁幼儿     

A broader conception of mood experience

The experience of a mood consists of more than emotional states such as happiness, anger, sadness, or fear. It also includes mood management processes that can facilitate or inhibit the experience of the mood reaction. A multidomain framework is described for organizing such experience, and 2 studies are reported that analyzed separately emotion-related and emotion-management-related mood experiences. In both studies, emotion-related experience, including physical, emotional, and cognitive subdomains, could be characterized by Pleasant-Unpleasant and Arousal-Calm dimensions. Also, both studies yielded evidence for the emotion-management dimensions of Plans of Action, Suppression, and Denial. These broader dimensions of mood experience predicted criterion variables such as empathy better than Pleasant-Unpleasant and Arousal-Calm dimensions alone.     

The effect of the emotional state on driving performance in a simulated car-following task

Emotion is an important factor that influences driving behavior, but the mechanism is unclear. This research explored the effect of the emotional state on simulated driving behavior. Thirty-five licensed drivers participated in this study and completed a car-following task. The angry, happy and neutral states were manipulated during the task. The participants’ driving performance and risk perception were recorded under each emotional state. Trait anger and driving experience were also measured to explore the possible mediating effect. The results showed that the drivers in an angry or happy emotional state tended to maintain less time to collision and take a longer time to brake while following a lead vehicle than the drivers under the neutral condition, suggesting that drivers in emotional states are more dangerous those in neutral states. Moreover, the happy state rendered the drivers more dangerous, which manifested as a lower perceived accident risk than that among the drivers in the angry and neutral states. More specifically, experienced drivers in happy states performed worse with respect to vehicle lateral position control. Recommendations and implications for safety education and further research are discussed.     

表情信息特征变化对自闭症儿童面孔视觉扫描的影响

实验以眼动追踪技术为手段,考察自闭症儿童对不同信息特征表情图片的视觉扫描特征,探讨自闭症表情加工的机制。结果发现：1、看真人表情时,自闭症儿童对高兴、悲伤的整脸扫描时间无显著差异,均高于愤怒和恐惧,对愤怒的整脸扫描时间高于恐惧;2、看真人表情时自闭症儿童对高兴、悲伤表情的眼睛区域和嘴巴区域扫描时间无差异,对恐惧和愤怒的嘴巴区域扫描时间显著多于眼睛区域;3、信息特征削弱对自闭症儿童面孔表情视觉扫描产生了影响,随着削弱程度的增加,自闭症儿童对表情图片的嘴巴区域扫描时间增加,对眼睛区域的扫描时间减少。根据实验结果,认为自闭症儿童对表情的加工主要受到表情信息特征的影响,随着信息特征的变化,会对视觉注意进行调整,以获得对表情的充分加工。