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2个实验对PDP的启动型实验程序与Richardson-Klavehn的修正模型进行了比较研究,通过对指示语的操纵,考察提取策略是否完全受意志控制,以及注意水平、刺激材料、测验类型、加工水平对被试作业的影响.结果发现刺激材料对有意识控制记忆的实验结果影响很大,对PDP的无意识自动加工参数无影响;启动型实验程序的结果与PDP理论相当一致;提取策略不一定是受意志精确控制的. 相似文献
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48名 1 3岁中学生被分为高低两种学习能力 ,每种被试又被分成两组分别学习配有两种插图 (多媒体静态插图和多媒体互动插图 )的一篇生物说明文 ,结果表明 :( 1 )在重在考查插图加工水平的图片测验上 ,学习能力和插图类型主效应均显著 ,但两者之间不存在显著交互作用 ;( 2 )在重在考查文图整合加工水平的文字测验上 ,学习能力和插图类型之间存在显著的交互作用 ,即只有当学习能力高时 ,两种插图之间存在显著差异。 ( 3 )在被试的填图过程中 ,被试的尝试次数与其插图加工时间及学习效果之间存在显著的相关。这说明 ,多媒体互动插图可促进所有被试对插图的加工 ,但只能促进学习能力高者对图文的整合加工 ,而且多媒体互动插图对学习的促进效果与被试加工插图时的实际加工深度有关 相似文献
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实验1和实验2依据目标字和非目标字两种条件,比较了再认、整字偏好、包含、排除四类测验。在“过程不纯净”假设的前提下.检验了加工分离说(PDP)的修正模型并得到以下结果:(1)PDP修正馍型的结论与匹配比较法的结果吻合。本实验条件下,偏好测验是“纯净”的.但无意识影响参与了再认测验。(2)PDP修正模型关于R>R。的理论结果得到了目标字与非目标字两种条件下的实验的证实。另外.关于无意识影响遵循的规律与指导语无关的理论推测也得到了证实。(3)再认与偏好测验出现了功能分离。PDP修正模型可以解释其本质。(4)750ms呈现刺激时,反应倾向的规津是:外显过程比内隐过程严格;两过程均不受注意程度的作用而发生波动。 相似文献
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智障学生与正常学生内隐记忆与外显记忆的对比研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
本实验以探索智障学生与正常学生内隐记忆与外显记忆的发展特点为目的。采用2(材料类型:图片、汉语双字词)×2(贡献来源:外显记忆、内隐记忆)×2(被试类型:智障学生、正常学生)×2(年龄:低年级、高年级)的四因素混合设计,通过加工分离程序(PDP,process dissociation procedure)的包含和排除测验,计算意识和无意识的贡献大小。结果表明,⑴材料类型主效应极其显著;⑵贡献来源的主效应极其显著;⑶年龄效应不显著;⑷被试效应不显著;本研究结论可对智障学生的教育提供理论指导。 相似文献
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Swallow和Jiang (2010 )最早发现, 编码时的目标探测会促进同时呈现的背景信息在随后记忆测验中的表现, 并将这一现象称为注意促进效应(Attentional Boost Effect, ABE)。随后研究发现这一现象并不会出现在概念内隐测验中, 由此提出目标探测主要促进的是背景信息的知觉加工, 而非语义加工。本研究通过3个实验, 操纵了对背景信息的编码加工类型(知觉加工或概念加工)。结果发现, 当与目标探测同时进行的是对背景信息的概念加工任务, 则ABE会出现在随后的概念内隐测验中。反之, 当对背景信息进行的是知觉加工任务时, 则ABE会出现在随后的知觉内隐测验而不是概念内隐测验中。这些结果表明, 目标探测既可能促进背景信息的知觉加工, 也可能促进背景信息的语义加工, 但只有在目标探测下背景信息的编码加工与随后内隐测验中所依赖的提取加工具有一致性, 才会产生ABE。 相似文献
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对广告信息加工的性别差异 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
研究者运用加工分离程序(PDP),探讨了在不同性别的广告代言人条件下,不同性别的目标受众对其所代言品牌在控制性加工和自动化加工水平上的差异。结果发现:(1)在男性代言人条件下,男性受众对其所代言品牌的自动化加工水平明显高于女性被试,两者控制性加工水平差异不显著;(2)在女性代言人条件下,女性受众对其所代言的品牌的自动化加工水平明显高于男性被试,两者的控制性加工水平差异不显著。实验结果对广告的设计与制作有着借鉴意义。 相似文献
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The speeded response technique has demonstrated that priming in perceptual memory tasks can occur through automatic retrieval that is uncontaminated by conscious retrieval (pure automatic retrieval). This work assesses whether priming in a conceptual task (category exemplar generation) can occur through pure automatic retrieval using the same technique. Automatic retrieval estimates obtained using the speeded response technique were compared to those obtained using more traditional measures (implicit memory and process dissociation procedure [PDP]). Similar estimates of automatic retrieval were obtained for speeded, implicit, and PDP groups following shallow processing. However, higher estimates of automatic retrieval were obtained following deep processing in the speeded and implicit conditions compared to the PDP condition. Advantages for using the speeded response technique to index automatic memory are discussed. 相似文献
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This study used midazolam-induced amnesia to explore the plausibility of the estimates provided by the process dissociation procedure (PDP), which is designed to estimate the contributions of recollection (R) and automatic (A) processes to implicit memory performance. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject design with 24 participants, single midazolam doses were administered intravenously, and word stem completion performance was used to calculate PDP estimates. A dissociation was observed such that midazolam decreased R but increased A estimates relative to placebo. Given that a manipulation that induces amnesia would not be expected to facilitate a memory process, these results add to the accumulating body of evidence suggesting that PDP estimates are not always theoretically plausible. Such evidence raises important questions about the use of the PDP. 相似文献
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The process dissociation procedure (PDP) was developed as a means of quantifying the contributions of conscious and automatic retrieval to memory performance. Although the required inclusion and exclusion conditions are manipulated within subjects in most experiments, several researchers have expressed concerns that the instructions may be particularly difficult to follow under these conditions. Thus, manipulating instructions between subjects may have some advantages, although some aspects of the statistical analysis of conscious and automatic estimates are not routine in such a design. We describe a procedure for this analysis and present some initial data to illustrate its application to PDP. We also comment on other issues related to the calculation of estimates of automatic and conscious retrieval in between- and within-subjects designs. 相似文献
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In two experiments, we investigated the role of automatic retrieval in directed forgetting, using a stem completion test. In each experiment, we compared the performance of an implicit group, a process dissociation procedure (PDP) group, and a group given a speeded response task. The response times of the speeded response group on the stem completion task replicated earlier data in suggesting that this group adopted a purely automatic retrieval strategy. Experiment 1 revealed a directed-forgetting effect on automatic retrieval with the item method, but Experiment 2 revealed no directed-forgetting effect on automatic retrieval with the list method, consistent with the lack of implicit effects with the list method throughout the literature. Both experiments showed lower automatic estimates for the PDP group than for the implicit and speeded response groups, which did not differ. The data are consistent with either a selective rehearsal or an inhibition account of directed forgetting with the list method. The comparison of methods for assessing automatic retrieval is consistent with earlier evidence suggesting that subjects may adopt a generate/recognize strategy when given direct retrieval instructions. 相似文献
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Dual-process theories of retrieval suggest that controlled and automatic processing contribute to memory performance. Free
recall tests are often considered pure measures of recollection, assessing only the controlled process. We report two experiments
demonstrating that automatic processes also influence free recall. Experiment 1 used inclusion and exclusion tasks to estimate
recollection and automaticity in free recall, adopting a new variant of the process dissociation procedure. Dividing attention
during study selectively reduced the recollection estimate but did not affect the automatic component. In Experiment 2, we
replicated the results of Experiment 1, and subjects additionally reported remember–know–guess judgments during recall in
the inclusion condition. In the latter task, dividing attention during study reduced remember judgments for studied items,
but know responses were unaffected. Results from both methods indicated that free recall is partly driven by automatic processes.
Thus, we conclude that retrieval in free recall tests is not driven solely by conscious recollection (or remembering) but
also by automatic influences of the same sort believed to drive priming on implicit memory tests. Sometimes items come to
mind without volition in free recall. 相似文献
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内隐记忆的证明逻辑与加工分离说(PDP)的修正模型 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
讨论了内隐记忆的证明逻辑和内隐与外显测验中的意识和无意识影响问题。间接证明内隐记忆的逻辑应用在功能分离实验中。它的前提假设是记忆测验都是"纯净"的。直接证明逻辑应用在匹配比较实验中。它认为测验中的意识和无意识影响是并存的,Jacoby等人近期提出的加工分离说(PDP)在匹配比较法的基础上,将测验中的意识和无意识影响进行了分离,并借用经典测验理论的公式计算这两种影响。作者认为,按照概率论关于两个随机独立事件之和与积的运算法则,必须把包含测验(inclusiontest)的公式修正为Inclusion=R(1-a)+A(1-R)。修正过的PDP由四个方程组成。它不仅考虑了原PDP忽视的外显条件下的无意识缺失(1-a),而且可以更加确切地估计回忆概率(R)。这在数学理论上已找到了证据。 相似文献
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Riccardo Russo Jackie Andrade 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1995,48(2):405-423
In three experiments, subjects were asked to remember and forget study words. In line with previous studies, a directed forgetting effect was observed in a word-fragment completion task: Instructions to remember increased the completion of target fragments compared with instructions to forget (Experiment 1). Using the process dissociation procedure (Jacoby, 1991), it appeared that instructions to remember increased the estimates of intentional influences of memory but did not affect the estimates of automatic uses of memory (Experiments 1, 2 and 3). This suggests that directed forgetting effects in word-fragment completion reflect the surreptitious influence of explicit memory in a nominally implicit memory task. However, a meta-analysis indicated that directed forgetting instructions affected automatic and intentional influences of memory in opposite directions. This finding casts doubt on the assumption of independence between automatic and intentional uses of memory. The implications for use of the process dissociation procedure are discussed. 相似文献
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Using the stem completion task, we compared estimates of automatic retrieval from an implicit memory task, the process dissociation procedure, and the speeded response procedure. Two standard manipulations were employed. In Experiment 1, a depth of processing effect was found on automatic retrieval using the speeded response procedure although this effect was substantially reduced in Experiment 2 when lexical processing was required of all words. In Experiment 3, the speeded response procedure showed an advantage of full versus divided attention at study on automatic retrieval. An implicit condition showed parallel effects in each study, suggesting that implicit stem completion may normally provide a good estimate of automatic retrieval. Also, we replicated earlier findings from the process dissociation procedure, but estimates of automatic retrieval from this procedure were consistently lower than those from the speeded response procedure, except when conscious retrieval was relatively low. We discuss several factors that may contribute to the conflicting outcomes, including the evidence for theoretical assumptions and criterial task differences between implicit and explicit tests. 相似文献