感恩及其与幸福感的关系

感恩是当前积极心理学的热点课题, 是指个体用感激情绪了解或回应因他人的恩惠或帮助而使自己获得积极经验或结果的一种人格特质。感恩对于个体幸福感具有独特的预测作用, 中介模式和调节模式两种理论对其影响机制进行了解释。感恩干预可有效增加个体感恩水平, 进而提升幸福感, 其策略主要包括感恩记录、感恩沉思和表达感恩行为等。明晰感恩的概念与结构、完善测量工具、拓展并深化中介与调节机制、发展有效的干预策略、开展儿童青少年研究, 以及跨文化或本土化研究是该领域未来重要的研究方向。     

如何过上有意义的生活?——基于生命意义理论模型的整合

在整个生命历程中,个体没有停止过对自身生命意义的探寻。生命意义是个体从其生活经历或经验中萃取的生活的目标和重要性,它根源于个体对自己、世界以及自己与世界关系的理解。生命意义具有促进身心健康的作用,具体表现为增进身体健康,提升幸福感与生活满意度,引发积极应对方式,促进人际和谐,提高学习与工作绩效,以及修复心理创伤促进心理成长等。生命意义形成的理论模型主要包括寻找意义模型、应对与成长模型、整合模型、双系统模型、五"A"模型和层次模型等6种。这些模型主要包含情境性意义和一般性意义这两种意义形态,并认为它们之间的不一致性是意义构建的动力。基于此,本文进一步推论这种不一致性所带来的心理需求未满足感才是意义构建的根本动力。未来研究将更加注重生命意义内涵的整合和作用的挖掘,验证基本心理需求是否满足与生命意义形成之间的关系,以及推进生命意义的认知神经机制及跨文化比较研究。     

感恩的个体主观幸福感更强?——一项元分析

本研究采用元分析技术探讨感恩与主观幸福感之间的关系。通过文献搜索共获得了62项研究167个独立效应量(n=31975)。异质性检验发现,选择随机效应模型比较合适;敏感性分析显示,逐步删除异质性较高研究,感恩与主观幸福感、生活满意度、积极情感均呈显著正相关,与消极情感呈显著负相关;亚组检验和元回归分析表明,感恩与主观幸福感关系受感恩测量工具、被试群体、文化背景的调节与影响。以上结果说明,感恩的个体主观幸福感更强,同时还要考虑感恩测量工具、被试群体和文化背景在二者关系中的作用。     

圣人之道，吾性自足：自我概念对生命意义的影响

生命意义是人类生命存在的永恒追求。东西方的理论均认为意义源于个体内在的自我结构,即自我概念。为了验证自我概念对生命意义的影响,对68名大学生进行实验研究。现场实验结果显示,控制生命意义基线水平和正负情绪后,自我概念仍显著预测生命意义;且自我概念提高组的生命意义得分显著高于降低组。行为实验结果显示,在高、低生命意义词汇记忆任务中,相比于低生命意义词,自我概念提高组对高生命意义词的再认率更高;相比于高生命意义词,自我概念降低组对低生命意义词的再认率更高。这些结果均表明,自我概念影响生命意义。结果暗示构建积极的自我概念形成强大的内心才是个体生命意义构建的根本途径。     

感恩：积极心理研究的新领域

感恩有助于增强个人的生活幸福感、促进人与人之间的交往,有益于社会生活。随着积极心理学研究的深入,感恩也逐渐受到了国外学者的关注,研究也取得了一定的成果.论文介绍了感恩的界定、测量及其相关因素.提出了在中国文化背景下研究感恩和将感恩研究应用于实践的建议。     

青少年生命认知及其生活满意度的干预研究

按学段自行编写生命教育活动课程教案,随机抽取7年级和10年级各一个班学生作为生命教育活动课程的实施对象,进行为期一个学期的生命教育。结果发现:(1)以生命教育为主题的课程实施提升了儿童对亲子关系和整体生命评价的满意度,从而使得青少年的生命认知得到进一步正向发展和积极深化;(2)通过生命教育,加强了青少年对生命过程和死亡现象的概念性理解和情绪性表达,推动个体从一种更具逻辑性的、积极的视角和态度去感恩生命的存在,理解死亡的必然。     

感恩与社会幸福感的双向关系：来自长期追踪法和日记法的证据

感恩是一种重要的积极情绪,对人类的社会生活有着重要的意义。已有研究表明,感恩与社会幸福感存在关联,但缺乏因果性证据。为此,本研究采用长期追踪法和日记法探讨感恩和社会幸福感的因果机制。研究1对482名被试进行间隔7个月的两拨次追踪调查,来探讨特质感恩和社会幸福感之间的相互预测关系。交叉滞后分析发现,前测的特质感恩能够预测后测的社会幸福感,前测的社会幸福感也能预测后测的特质感恩。为了减小回忆偏差,研究2对248名被试进行连续21天的日记法调查。结果发现,前一天的状态感恩能预测后一天的社会幸福感,前一天的社会幸福感也能预测后一天的状态感恩。本研究揭示了感恩和社会幸福感之间的因果机制,并提出感恩和社会幸福感的螺旋上升双向影响模型,这对培育个体感恩和提升个体社会幸福感具有一定的实践价值。     

人际感恩:社会交往中重要的积极情绪

人际感恩是指个体由于接受了他人善意提供的具有一定价值的恩惠而诱发的一种愉悦的、心怀感激而意欲报答的认知性情绪。情境评估过程是人际感恩得以产生的关键环节。此外,人际感恩的产生还会受到受惠者自身特点、双方关系特点等因素的影响。情节剧本、真人互动等任务是研究人际感恩的常见范式。另外,人际感恩还具有个体、二元、团体三个层面的功能。加强人际感恩神经生理机制的研究,考察由人际感恩到特质感恩的培养路径,拓展人际感恩的功能研究,探索中国文化背景下的人际感恩是未来人际感恩的研究方向。     

朋友的学业成就会影响我的学业成就吗？——成对友谊关系中成就目标取向的中介作用

尽管朋友是影响青少年学业成就的重要因素,但对于朋友之间双向影响的方式和途径尚缺乏研究。本研究采用同伴提名和自我报告问卷收集了8年级青少年在两个学期末的数据,获得在一个学期中稳定的同性别朋友对216对;使用主客体互倚性模型,探究朋友之间学业成就的影响效应,以及成就目标取向在朋友相互影响间的中介作用以及性别差异。结果发现：（1）青少年朋友之间在学业成就上的相似性既源于选择效应,也源于影响效应;（2）掌握目标取向不仅在个体自身当前和后续学业成就的关系中发挥中介作用,而且朋友一方的学业成就还能通过自身或对方的掌握目标取向影响对方或自己后续的学业成就,男生的中介路径多于女生;（3）对于男生而言,表现-接近目标取向在个体当下学业成就和自己后续学业成就的关系中发挥负向中介作用,但对朋友后续的学业成就有积极影响。研究结果支持了成对友谊关系是青少年学业发展的重要情境之一,并突显了成就目标取向在朋友之间学业成就相互影响中的关键作用和性别差异模式。     

追寻生命的意义：积极心理学视野下的乐观主义价值

乐观是当前西方积极心理学的核心概念和研究热点,有关乐观主义的价值问题凸显出了积极和消极的乐观主义两种对立的解释取向。事实上,乐观往往与悲观并行存在,乐观主义能否促进健康关键取决于对危机源刺激的过程性判断。有限度的现实乐观能够赋予个体独特的生命意义和价值,有助于个体在乐观与现实之间寻求到心理和谐和平衡的支点。当前的乐观研究已汇成了一股强劲的乐观主义潮流,必将成为心理世界发展新的生长点。     

Counting your blessings: Positive memories among grateful persons

We conducted two studies investigating the relationship of gratitude to autobiographical memory of positive and negative life events. Gratitude was assessed with an attitudinal measure and college students were asked to recall both positive and negative events from their past. In both studies, a significant positive relationship was found between trait gratitude and a positive memory bias. In Study 2 it was found that gratitude still reliably predicted positive memory bias after controlling for depression. Further, it was found that a positive intrusive memory bias was associated with gratitude in both studies. Thus, an important component of gratitude may be an enhanced tendency to recall positive events from one's life.     

Assessing psychological health: the contribution of psychological strengths

Balanced assessment of mental health involves assessing well-being and strengths as well as psychopathology. The character strengths of curiosity, gratitude, hope, optimism and forgiveness are assessed in 214 new undergraduates and their relationships to mental health, subjective well-being and self-esteem explored. Scoring the mental health scale for psychiatric caseness, case and non-case students did not differ in character strengths, positive affect or life satisfaction, supporting a dual-factor model. Hope pathways and gratitude predicted mental health. Gratitude, hope agency and exploratory curiosity predicted positive affect. Gratitude and hope agency predicted life satisfaction. Hope agency, hope pathways, exploratory curiosity and gratitude predicted self-esteem, with absorption curiosity as a negative predictor. The benefits of assessing strengths are discussed and interventions designed to develop them.     

Counting your blessings: Positive memories among grateful persons

We conducted two studies investigating the relationship of gratitude to autobiographical memory of positive and negative life events. Gratitude was assessed with an attitudinal measure and college students were asked to recall both positive and negative events from their past. In both studies, a significant positive relationship was found between trait gratitude and a positive memory bias. In Study 2 it was found that gratitude still reliably predicted positive memory bias after controlling for depression. Further, it was found that a positive intrusive memory bias was associated with gratitude in both studies. Thus, an important component of gratitude may be an enhanced tendency to recall positive events from one's life.     

Personality change and personality as predictor of change in psychotherapy: A longitudinal study in a community mental health clinic

Research suggests that personality may change due to important life events, such as psychotherapy, and that personality and attitudes may predict treatment progress. Longitudinal data in a community mental health clinic showed positive changes in Emotional Stability, Hope, Gratitude, and Motivation during the course of psychotherapy. The static approach relating baseline personality and attitudes to treatment progress did not yield fruitful results. The dynamic approach was more effective, in which we treated personality and attitudes as malleable and used changes in these variables as predictors of progress. Treatment progress correlated with an increase in Emotional Stability. Positive changes in general life attitudes (Hope, Gratitude, Quality of Life) more so than therapy-specific attitudes (Motivation, Working Alliance) predicted symptom reduction.     

青少年物质主义与幸福感的关系：感恩的中介作用

采用物质主义量表、感恩问卷、主观幸福感量表、心理幸福感量表和身体症状问卷对701名中学生进行调查,考察了青少年物质主义与其幸福感的关系,以及感恩在其中的中介作用。结果发现：（1）青少年物质主义与其负性情感显著正相关,与正性情感、生活满意度、心理幸福感和身体健康显著负相关;（2）感恩在青少年物质主义与其生活满意度、负性情感、心理幸福感和身体健康关系之间起着部分中介作用,在青少年物质主义与其正性情感关系之间起着完全中介作用。     

The Role of Gratitude in Breast Cancer: Its Relationships with Post-traumatic Growth, Psychological Well-Being and Distress

Despite the increasing number of studies documenting the positive effects of gratitude in coping with traumatic events and facilitating psychological well-being, none is addressed to patients with life-threatening illnesses such as cancer. The aims of this study are to examine the role of gratitude in a breast cancer sample and its correlations with post-traumatic growth, psychological well-being, and distress; and to compare patients reporting higher levels of gratitude (High Gratitude Individuals, HGI) versus those reporting lower levels (Low Gratitude Individuals, LGI). 67 breast cancer patients were assessed with: (1) Gratitude Questionnaire; (2) Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI); (3) Psychological Well-being Scales (PWBS) (4) Symptom Questionnaires (SQ); and were divided into: (1) High Gratitude Individuals—HGI (n = 27); (2) Low Gratitude Individuals—LGI (n = 40). Bivariate correlations between questionnaires and ANOVA between-group were calculated. Gratitude was significantly and positively correlated to all of PTGI scales, to PWBS positive relations, to SQ relaxation and contentment, and negatively related to anxiety, depression, and hostility-irritability. HGI and LGI reported significant differences on the PTGI and SQ dimensions, but not on PWB scales, with HGI displaying higher levels of PTGI, positive affect and lower symptomatology. Also in breast cancer patients gratitude is strongly associated to post-traumatic growth, reduced distress and increased positive emotions, but surprisingly not to psychological well-being. Since the majority of patients reported low gratitude levels, the results suggest the importance of developing interventions to clinically increase them also in oncology.     

How do you Feel About this Goal? Goal-Related Affect,Positive Orientation,and Personal Goal Realization in the Family Domain

Past research on individual-level differences has revealed associations between affect, positive beliefs and goal realization. Goal realization, however, varies not only between individuals (the individual level) but also within individuals according to goal (the goal level). This study analyzed family-related personal goals at both levels, examining how positive affect, negative affect and positive orientation are related to personal goal realization. The participants were 205 adults (mean age = 35.74 years); they evaluated five personal goals related to family life and completed assessments of positive orientation. Multilevel structural equation modeling demonstrated that both at the individual level and at the goal level positive orientation and positive goal-related affect were positively related to personal goal realization in family domain. Negative goal-related affect was negatively related to personal goal realization at both levels. Positive orientation, both at the individual level and as a cross-level interaction, moderated the relationship between positive goal-related affect and personal goal realization.     

Correlations among measures of executive function and positive psychological attributes in college students

Executive functions are cognitive abilities that allow for more goal-oriented and autonomous behavior. The authors examined the relationship between self-rated executive functions and 3 positive personality attributes (satisfaction with life, gratitude, and forgiveness) in a nonclinical community sample. The authors used self-report scales (Executive Function Index, Heartland Forgiveness Scale "other" subscale, Satisfaction With Life Scale, and the Gratitude Questionnaire) to examine how executive functions related to the positive psychology attributes. After controlling for age, sex, and formal education, positive relationships emerged among gratitude, satisfaction, and executive function scales of motivational drive, empathy, and strategic planning. However, an inverse relationship emerged between impulse control and forgiveness, perhaps relating to cautiousness and suggesting finer distinctions between adaptive and maladaptive forms of forgiveness. These findings suggest common psychological and neurobiological substrates for executive functions and positive psychology attributes, warranting further, more direct biobehavioral research.