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1.
Daniel Bischur 《Human Studies》2011,34(4):407-429
Taking up the body turn in sociology, this paper discusses scientific practices as embodied action from the perspective of
Husserl’s phenomenological theory of the “Body”. Based on ethnographic data on a biology laboratory it will discuss the importance
of the scientist’s Body for the performance of scientific activities. Successful researchers have to be skilled workers using
their embodied knowledge for the process of tinkering towards the material transformation of their objects for data production.
The researcher’s body then is an instrument of measuring as well as a kind of archive of knowing. Their body becomes a disciplined
instrument which has its own place and function inside the laboratory. Furthermore, the appresentational apperception of Bodies
(Husserl) is being discussed as a basis for the emotional and ethical concerns towards laboratory-animals. Attitudes towards
animals in the laboratory setting (as well as elsewhere) are highly emotional. Nevertheless, following the literature of the
sociology of the body, those emotional reactions still follow certain cultural patterns which themselves can be understood
as embodied ways of knowing “right” or “wrong”. Besides as an instrument, the scientist’s body can also be understood as a
resource of emotional attachment towards animals. It is an instrument for performing transformation as well as one for caring. 相似文献
2.
Judith Feher 《Human Studies》1984,7(3-4):211-226
Surrender-and-catch is a protest against [... our time] and an attempt at remembrance of what a human being can be. The sociology
of knowledge is a protest against its hypocrisy and against unexamined social influences. Like surrender, the sociology of
knowledge does not fear but passionately seeks what is true and thus, like surrender, is a remembrance, proclamation, and
celebration of the spirit. Both ideas, that of the sociology of knowledge and that of surrender, are critical, polemical,
radical [...]; so is the sociology of knowledge also in its practice, while in its practice surrender is cognitive live. Using
a [...] distinction developed by Mannheim, we may also say that the sociology of knowledge is an extrinsic interpretation
of its time, our time; surrender, an intrinsic one: the former is, advocates, and practices such an extrinsic (sociological)
interpretation but needs the latter to overcome the relativism it encounters in its practice by its remembrance, rediscovery,
reinvention, the catch, of what is common to all human beings, what is universally human (Wolff, 1982., pp. 265–266). 相似文献
3.
Guoping Zhao 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2011,30(3):241-256
The examination of the modern construction of subject is not over yet. Although many thinkers have exhausted its conceptual
ambiguities and practical consequences, its impact is far from fully understood without an analysis of the construction of
childhood for the future subject. In this essay, I problematize five constructions of childhood that emerged in the modern
time and scrutinize the impasses of logic or conceptual ambiguities within, along with the practical consequences thereof.
I explore how the modern construction of childhood is problematic in and of itself, as well as the light it sheds on the deeply
embedded ambiguities and aporia (Wagner in A sociology of modernity: liberty and discipline. Routledge, New York 1994; Zhao in Educ Theory 57(1):75–88 2007) in the construction of the modern subject. This paper will untangle the problems associated with each of these constructs
and their respective implications for the making of the modern subject. 相似文献
4.
Zhongyuan Sun 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2007,2(1):50-69
This paper discusses the topics, goals, values and methods of Chinese logic. It holds that the goal of the research in Chinese
logic is to reveal its structure, content, rules, and essential character, as well as to reveal both similarities and differences
between Chinese and foreign logic. The value of the research is to carry forward and develop the outstanding heritage of Chinese
logic. Its method is to annotate original works of Chinese ancient logic with the tools of modern language and logic in order
to reveal both the particular nature and the universal qualities of Chinese logic. The method also explores the differences
and similarities between Chinese and foreign logic. In recent years, research in Chinese logic has developed considerably;
it has also logged many important achievements. But there are many different views about the complexity and long-term goals
of the research. Future research will build on the merits of different kinds of logic, promote Chinese logic, and increase
communication between Chinese logic and foreign logic.
Translated by Song Saihua from Zhongguo Renmin Daxue Xuebao 中国人民大学学报 (Journal of Renmin University of China), 2005, (2): 56–62 相似文献
5.
The problems we deal with concern reasoning about incomplete knowledge. Knowledge is understood as ability of an ideal rational agent to make decisions about pieces of information. The formalisms we are particularly interested in are Moore's autoepistemic logic (AEL) and its variant, the logic of acceptance and rejection (AEL2). It is well-known that AEL may be seen as the nonmonotonic KD45 modal logic. The aim is to give an appropriate modal formalization for AEL2. 相似文献
6.
The objective of this article is to examine the nature of individual and social responses to the nuclear threat from psychological
and sociological perspectives on ignorance. It is argued that a constructed and managed ignorance concerning the nuclear threat
serves many functions, structuring an individual and social reality which is reassuring, meaningful, and both individually
and collectively self-serving. A sociology of ignorance framework is employed to articulate the possible benefits of “not
knowing about” and collaboratively “not dealing with” the nuclear threat, as well as to define the longer-term costs of ignoring
this threat. The distinctive roles played by various kinds of ignorance regarding this important issue are investigated, and
the conventional wisdom that knowledge of the consequences of a nuclear war is the only way to prevent its occurrence is challenged.
Yes, he must grasp with his mind the instant-by-instant, inevitable total destruction and prepare for the carnage of an uncertain
future Y. Mishima, Sea of Fertility
Joseph P. Reser is a senior lecturer in psychology at James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia, with research
interests in a number of applied social psychology areas.
Michael J. Smithson is a senior lecturer in sociology, in the behavioral sciences department at James Cook University. His
current research interests include the study of ignorance. 相似文献
7.
Making a Start with the <Emphasis Type="Italic">stit</Emphasis> Logic Analysis of Intentional Action
Jan M. Broersen 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2011,40(4):499-530
This paper studies intentional action in stit logic. The formal logic study of intentional action appears to be new, since most logical studies of intention concern intention
as a static mental state. In the formalization we distinguish three modes of acting: the objective level concerning the choices
an agent objectively exercises, the subjective level concerning the choices an agent knows or believes to be exercising, and
finally, the intentional level concerning the choices an agent intentionally exercises. Several axioms constraining the relations
between these different modes of acting will be considered and discussed. The side effect problem will be analyzed as an interaction
between knowingly doing and intentionally doing. Non-successful action will be analyzed as a weakening of the epistemic attitude
towards action. Finally, the notion of ‘attempt’ will be briefly considered as a further weakening in this direction. 相似文献
8.
Kroos K 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2012,46(3):312-334
It is argued in this article that social psychology would make the greatest contribution to research on class identity if it concentrated on the area closest to psychology—analysis of class consciousness. In order to show that the study of the psyche and mentality of the middle class is one of the least researched aspects of the American middle class, a brief overview of the different approaches to the study of the middle class in selected disciplines will be offered. It will be demonstrated that even if the identity of the U.S. middle class cannot be fully understood without its history and the social context in which it operates, it is the study of its (un)consciousness that social psychology should be focusing its research efforts on. The alternative would make social psychology indistinguishable from social history or sociology. 相似文献
9.
Daniel Regnier 《Studies in East European Thought》2006,58(3):141-160
Mamardašvili did not develop a systematic philosophy that treats separately the various traditional disciplines of philosophy
such as epistemology, logic, ethics, aesthetics etc. On the contrary, isolated from the direct influences of other currents
of thought that might otherwise have given his own a different direction, Mamardašvili concentrated his attention on the very
act of thought, the vitality of which had been undermined in philosophical understandings, including both Hegelian-Marxist
attempts to situate the subject in history and re-appropriations of the Cartesian cogito. In this paper I will outline the
most pertinent elements of Mamardašvili’s attempt to find a unified subject of knowledge and action and attempt to show how
in his view consciousness and conscience are indissoluble.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Tapani Laine who generously shared both his acumen as a philosopher and his vast
knowledge of the work of Mamardašvili in comments on a draft of this paper. 相似文献
10.
Arne Naess 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2013,56(1-4):231-234
With the publication of The Social Frameworks of Knowledge? the English speaking world has at last been given a serious opportunity to approach the complex sociological thought of Georges Gurvitch. However, as the author himself admits in the Preface, this book appears ‘abstract and schematic particularly to the uninitiated’.1 The aim of this paper will be to try to relate this translated work to the main body of Gurvitch's writing and particularly to his stance in the sociology of knowledge. First I will examine the intellectual origins of his sociology of knowledge and his attitude to his predecessors in the field. Secondly I will compare his approach to the sociology of knowledge to that of P. L. Berger and T. Luckmann. 相似文献
11.
向世陵 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2008,3(4):502-519
The approach of returning to the original and recovering nature is a typical characteristic of Chinese philosophy. It was
founded by the Daoist School and followed by both Daoist and Confucian schools. The precondition of returning to the original
and recovering nature is the stillness and goodness within nature integrated into a whole afterwards. Its implementation includes
not only returning to the original root so as to achieve the philosophical aim but also restoration to the original nature
after it is injured by man’s physical nature and desire. The realization of human nature depends on the work making up for
the loss of the original nature. Although there are different methods of realization concerning the return to the original
nature, such as returning to the root, seeking the lost mind, extinguishing desire, being good at return, and the self-consciousness
of intuitive knowledge, all of these aim at returning to the original nature of stillness and purity. The philosophical value
consists in the unceasing pursuit of returning to the original nature.
__________
Translated from Zhongguo Renmin Daxue Xuebao 中国人民大学学报 (Journal of Renmin University of China), 2007, (5): 24–31 相似文献
12.
Sangeet S. Khemlani Ruth M. J. Byrne Philip N. Johnson‐Laird 《Cognitive Science》2018,42(6):1887-1924
This article presents a fundamental advance in the theory of mental models as an explanation of reasoning about facts, possibilities, and probabilities. It postulates that the meanings of compound assertions, such as conditionals (if) and disjunctions (or), unlike those in logic, refer to conjunctions of epistemic possibilities that hold in default of information to the contrary. Various factors such as general knowledge can modulate these interpretations. New information can always override sentential inferences; that is, reasoning in daily life is defeasible (or nonmonotonic). The theory is a dual process one: It distinguishes between intuitive inferences (based on system 1) and deliberative inferences (based on system 2). The article describes a computer implementation of the theory, including its two systems of reasoning, and it shows how the program simulates crucial predictions that evidence corroborates. It concludes with a discussion of how the theory contrasts with those based on logic or on probabilities. 相似文献
13.
Margaret P. Wardlaw 《Journal of religion and health》2011,50(1):62-74
Modern medicine serves a religious function for modern Americans as a conduit through which science can be applied directly
to the human body. The first half of this paper will focus on the theoretical foundations for viewing medicine as a religious
practice arguing that just as a hierarchical structured authoritarian church historically mediated access to God, contemporary
Western medicine provides a conduit by which the universalizable truths of science can be applied to the human being thereby
functioning as a new established religion. I will then illustrate the many parallels between medicine and religion through
an analysis of rituals and symbols surrounding and embedded within the modern practice of medicine. This analysis will pay
special attention to the primacy placed on secret interior knowledge of the human body. I will end by responding to the hope
for a “secularization of American medicine,” exploring some of the negative consequences of secularization, and arguing that,
rather than seeking to secularize, American medicine should strive to use its religious features to offer hope and healing
to the sick, in keeping with its historically religious legacy. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Ågotnes 《Synthese》2006,149(2):375-407
Alternating-time temporal logic (ATL) is a branching time temporal logic in which statements about what coalitions of agents
can achieve by strategic cooperation can be expressed. Alternating-time temporal epistemic logic (ATEL) extends ATL by adding knowledge modalities, with the usual possible worlds interpretation. This paper investigates
how properties of agents’ actions can be expressed in ATL in general, and how properties of the interaction between action and knowledge can be expressed in
ATEL in particular. One commonly discussed property is that an agent should know about all available actions, i.e., that the
same actions should be available in indiscernible states. Van der Hoek and Wooldridge suggest a syntactic expression of this
semantic property. This paper shows that this correspondence in fact does not hold. Furthermore, it is shown that the semantic
property is not expressible in ATEL at all. In order to be able to express common and interesting properties of action in
general and of the interaction between action and knowledge in particular, a generalization of the coalition modalities of
ATL is proposed. The resulting logics, ATL-A and ATEL-A, have increased expressiveness without loosing ATL’s and ATEL’s tractability
of model checking. 相似文献
15.
The Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse (SKAD) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Reiner Keller 《Human Studies》2011,34(1):43-65
The article presents the sociology of knowledge approach to discourse (SKAD). SKAD, which has been in the process of development
since the middle of the 1990s, is now a widely used framework among social scientists in discourse research in the German-speaking
area. It links arguments from the social constructionist tradition, following Berger and Luckmann, with assumptions based
in symbolic interactionism, hermeneutic sociology of knowledge, and the concepts of Michel Foucault. It argues thereby for
a consistent theoretical and methodological grounding of a genuine social sciences perspective on discourse interested in
the social production, circulation and transformation of knowledge, that is in social relations and politics of knowledge
in the so-called ‘knowledge societies’. Distancing itself from Critical Discourse Analysis, Linguistics, Ethnomethodology
inspired discourse analysis and the Analysis of Hegemonies, following Laclau and Mouffe, SKAD’s framework has been built up
around research questions and concerns located in the social sciences, referring to public discourse and arenas as well as
to more specific fields of (scientific, religious, etc.) discursive struggles and controversies around “problematizations”
(Foucault). 相似文献
16.
Renate Mayntz Ph.D. 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1993,6(1):3-16
In this paper an attempt is made to widen the perspective under which interorganizational networks are generally seen. It
is argued that both in the economy and in policy making, network phenomena are in fact becoming more prominent. This is linked
to functional differentiation, a core process of societal modernization, which implies the existence of partly autonomous
societal subsystems. Their emergence is closely connected with the ascendance of formal organizations, which in turn enjoy
a certain measure of autonomy. In this structural context, interorganizational network following a logic of negotiation, which
extends to “constitutional” issues can provide a solution to coordination problems typical of modern societies.
Her research interests include sociological macro-theory, comparative social and political research, organizational and administrative
sociology, and sociology of technology. 相似文献
17.
The sociology of research and knowledge use, argue the authors, could be a way of linking important parts of sociology, such
as organization studies, the sociology of science to each other. In the article, they discuss the idea that organizational
responses to environments are related to research utilization. Based upon an empirical investigation of city welfare departments,
four empirical “utilization strategies” are presented and shown to be related to power and control patterns. While negative
utilization strategies are hostile to uncontrolled research utilization and enhance the formation of bureaucratic expertise,
conflict-oriented strategies are discursively productive and reinforce research use and alliance formation with social scientists
to control the environment.
Kjell Nilsson presented his dissertation on research utilization in different policy sectors at Lund University in February
1992. He has written and cowritten one book and several articles in the field of knowledge and bureaucracy.
Sune Sunesson, Ph.D., is currently professor and head of the research department and Ph.D., program in the School of Social
Work at Lund University. He has written several books and articles in the field of bureaucracy studies, the sociology of human
service organizations and the utilization of knowledge. 相似文献
18.
Contemporary process metaphysics has achieved a number of important results, most significantly in accounting for emergence,
a problem on which substance metaphysics has foundered since Plato. It also faces trenchant problems of its own, among them
the related problems of boundaries and individuation. Historically, the quest for ontology may thus have been largely responsible
for the persistence of substance metaphysics. But as Plato was well aware, an ontology of substantial things raises serious,
perhaps insurmountable problems for any account of our epistemic access to such things. Physical things are subject to change,
and as such, they are poor objects of knowledge—if knowledge is to be more reliable than mere opinion. There is a reading
of Plato’s Theaetetus on which knowledge may be understood as a relation between an epistemic subject and a logos, where logoi
are intrinsically dialectical, and where dialectic is a kind of intersubjective activity. Insofar as this epistemology may
be attributed to Plato, the project of this paper is Platonic in spirit. It is also, in a sense, Kantian, in that it divorces
ontology from the search for things-in-themselves, redirecting our attention from things to objects: epistemic objects. Such
objects can be understood, as Maurice Merleau-Ponty proposed, as shared by multiple subjects by virtue of their participation
in an intersubjective world, constituted by what Shaun Gallagher calls “participatory sense-making.” On an epistemology constructed
in this way, the fact that both epistemic objects and their subject are mutable is no obstacle to knowledge. Far-from-equilibrium
systems are forever mutable; at thermodynamic equilibrium, there would be neither subject, nor object. Epistemic objects,
on this picture, are metastable loci of interactive potential. 相似文献
19.
20.
Knowledge-based programs (KBPs) are a powerful notion for expressing action policies in which branching conditions refer to
implicit knowledge and call for a deliberation task at execution time. However, branching conditions in KBPs cannot refer
to possibly erroneous beliefs or to graded belief, such as
“if my belief that φ holds is high then do some action α else perform some sensing action β”.
The purpose of this paper is to build a framework where such programs can be expressed. In this paper we focus on the execution
of such a program (a companion paper investigates issues relevant to the off-line evaluation and construction of such programs).
We define a simple graded version of doxastic logic KD45 as the basis for the definition of belief-based programs. Then we
study the way the agent’s belief state is maintained when executing such programs, which calls for revising belief states
by observations (possibly unreliable or imprecise) and progressing belief states by physical actions (which may have normal
as well as exceptional effects).
* A premliminary and shorter version of this paper in the Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence
(ECAI-04), pp. 368–372 (Laverny and Lang 2004). 相似文献