共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 0 毫秒
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Richard C. Atkinson 《Psychometrika》1957,22(1):87-95
A model for the acquisition of responses in an anticipatory rote serial learning situation is presented. The model is developed in detail for the case of a long intertrial interval and employed to fit data where the list length is varied from 8 to 18 words. Application of the model to the case of a short intertrial interval is considered; some predictions are derived and checked against experimental data.The author wishes to thank Professors C. J. Burke and W. K. Estes for advice and assistance in carrying out this research. 相似文献
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Free-recall verbal learning is analyzed in terms of a probability model. The general theory assumes that the probability of recalling a word on any trial is completely determined by the number of times the word has been recalled on previous trials. Three particular cases of this general theory are examined. In these three cases, specific restrictions are placed upon the relation between probability of recall and number of previous recalls. The application of these special cases to typical experimental data is illustrated. An interpretation of the model in terms of set theory is suggested but is not essential to the argument. 相似文献
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Roger Ratcliff 《Journal of mathematical psychology》1976,13(1):46-78
The paced serial addition task is reminiscent of a series of tasks studied in the later 1950s which were concerned with recall under conditions of pacing. The information processing operations in this task are completed in about a second and the paradigm allows a large amount of data to be collected in a short time. Group performance shows a primacy effect lasting a few seconds followed by a steady state. In this paper, a model is developed for steady-state performance consisting of continuous time and discrete components that generalize to a semi-Markov model. The model accounts for results from the two experiments presented and deviations of the model from the data point out distinct strategies being employed by the subject. The components of the model have direct psychological interpretation and allow many of the processes underlying performance to be specified. 相似文献
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Katherine Guérard Candice C. Morey Sébastien Lagacé Sébastien Tremblay 《Memory & cognition》2013,41(3):378-391
As the number of studies showing that items can be retained as bound representations in memory increases, researchers are beginning to investigate how the different features are bound together. In the present study, we examined the relative importances of the verbal and spatial features in serial memory for visual stimuli. Participants were asked to memorize the order of series of letters presented visually in different locations on the computer screen. The results showed that manipulating the phonological similarity of the letters affected recall of their spatial locations, but that increasing the complexity of the spatial pattern had no effect on recall of the letters. This finding was observed in both order reconstruction (Exps. 1 and 2) and probe serial recall (Exps. 3 and 4), suggesting that verbal–spatial binding in serial memory for visual information is asymmetric. 相似文献
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We describe a new serial learning probe technique which permits identification of functional stimuli for each individual item immediately following the trial on which it has been learned. Some empirical evidence indicating the validity of the serial probe technique is also presented. The potential superiority of the probe technique over alternative experimental methods for determining the basic processes involved in serial learning is noted. 相似文献
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Rats were trained in a straight runway on a simple three-element series of differing reward quantities. The first trial of the series ended with a two-pellet reward, and the second and third trials ended with a 12-pellet reward and a nonreward, respectively (2-12-0). All animals developed accurate anticipation of the terminal nonreward in the 2-12-0 series before it was rearranged for two test days during which the elements appeared in the order 12-2-0. The rats' anticipation of the terminal nonreward did not transfer to the reordered series, a result taken to mean that anticipation had been based upon interitem associations among memorial representations of the differing reward quantities. A second transfer test to 0-0-0, given after anticipation was reestablished to the 2-12-0 series, gave evidence that the ordinal position of the series elements was also a source of anticipation; the animals continued to run relatively slowly on the third trial in extinction. In neither transfer test was there evidence that the rats employed the strategy of enumerating rewarded trials, because counting is an order-irrelevant process. 相似文献
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The question of whether overt recall of to-be-remembered material accelerates learning is important in a wide range of real-world learning settings. In the case of verbal sequence learning, previous research has proposed that recall either is necessary for verbal sequence learning (Cohen & Johansson Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 139–143, 1967; Cunningham, Healy, & Williams Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 575–597, 1984), or at least contributes significantly to it (Glass, Krejci, & Goldman Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 189–199, 1989; Oberauer & Meyer Memory, 17, 774–781, 2009). In contrast, here we show that the amount of previous spoken recall does not predict learning and is not necessary for it. We suggest that previous research may have underestimated participants’ learning by using suboptimal performance measures, or by using manual or written recall. However, we show that the amount of spoken recall predicted how much interference from other to-be-remembered sequences would be observed. In fact, spoken recall mediated most of the error learning observed in the task. Our data support the view that the learning of overlapping auditory–verbal sequences is driven by learning the phonological representations and not the articulatory motor responses. However, spoken recall seems to reinforce already learned representations, whether they are correct or incorrect, thus contributing to a participant identifying a specific stimulus as either “learned” or “new” during the presentation phase. 相似文献
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Visual similarity effects in immediate verbal serial recall 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Robert H. Logie Sergio Della Sala Val Wynn Alan D. Baddeley 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》2000,53(3):626-646
The role of visual working memory in temporary serial retention of verbal information was examined in four experiments on immediate serial recall of words that varied in visual similarity and letters that varied in the visual consistency between upper and lower case. Experiments 1 and 2 involved words that were either visually similar (e.g. fly, cry, dry; hew, new, few ) or were visually distinct (e.g. guy, sigh, lie; who, blue, ewe ). Experiments 3 and 4 involved serial recall of both letter and case from sequences of letters chosen such that the upper- and lower-case versions were visually similar, for example Kk, Cc, Zz, Ww , or were visually dissimilar, for example Dd, Hh, Rr, Qq . Hence in the latter set, case informationwas encoded interms of both the shape and the size of the letters. With both words and letters, the visually similar items resulted in poorer recall both with and without concurrent articulatory suppression. This visual similarity effect was robust and was replicated across the four experiments. The effect was not restricted to any particular serial position and was particularly salient in the recall of letter case. These data suggest the presence of a visual code for retention of visually presented verbal sequences in addition to a phonological code, and they are consistent with the use of a visual temporary memory, or visual "cache", in verbal serial recall tasks. 相似文献
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Douglas G. Wallace Stephen B. Fountain 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》2003,56(3):301-320
Hypotheses ranging from subsymbolic to symbolic have been proposed to account for rat sequential behaviour, and in the subsymbolic domain alone there are multiple proposed subsymbolic processes or factors thought to affect serial behaviour. A behavioural study and computer simulations were conducted to evaluate these hypotheses, and a new computational associative model based on pairwise associations and generalization was evaluated. Seven 3-element sequences were selected for study that systematically (1) varied sequence discriminability, (2) varied reward magnitude, and (3) manipulated the order of food quantities. Neither element discriminability nor response enhancement subsymbolic processes in isolation were able to account for the behavioural data; however, simulations from the computational model known as the sequential pairwise associative memory (SPAM) model with a log-linear mapping of stimulus dimension items to food quantities correlated well with the behavioural data. SPAM accounts for differential element anticipation in different sequences by appealing to pairwise association of sequence events and generalization between cues as the principal factors mediating pattern tracking in three-element sequences. 相似文献