话轮转换的原则及实际应用

话轮转换是会话交际的一种自然现象,是会话分析的核心和重要课题。本文根据会话分析中的话轮转换的基本原则,主要分析存在于日常各种实际应用中的话轮转换现象,分析其策略,总结其特点和规律。从转换原则阐释话轮转换的规律和技巧,为在日常生活中运用这些知识和技巧为营造良好的交际环境提供帮助。     

医患会话打断现象研究

言语打断是门诊医患会话经常出现的一种现象,是医患双方为了获得话语权而试图与对方争夺话轮的语言现象.以真实的汉语门诊医患会话为语料,以会话分析结构理论为指导框架,对门诊医患会话打断进行研究.通过对打断的类型和语用功能进行分析,试图揭示中国门诊医患会话打断的规律及其特点.     

模因论视域中的网络语言探究

随着网络交流的日益普及,一种全新的语言模式---网络语言应运而生。而模因论作为一种基于达尔文进化论观点解释文化进化现象的新理论,为研究语言及文化发展变化的规律提供了一个新的视域。本文以此对网络语言进行研究,分析网络语言中模因的复制、传播途径及原因,揭示网络语言的传播规律,为研究网络交际时代的言语行为提供新思路。     

心理治疗会话中阻抗序列的结构特征与生成机制

本文以心理治疗中的真实语料为基础,采用会话分析的方法,力图揭示心理治疗会话中阻抗序列的结构特征,进而发现总结阻抗过程中会话双方采用的话语执行手段,并从语用学的角度深入挖掘阻抗序列生成的社会原因。研究发现:(1)一个基本的阻抗序列通常由三个话轮组成;(2)来访者主要利用话轮转换规则和非优先结构规则来表示阻抗,而治疗师则采用循环提问的方式应对;(3)阻抗具有其独特的话语执行手段和社会生成机制。在心理治疗会话中,会话双方要正确地认识和对待阻抗,以期有助于实现"以言治病"的目的。     

社会语言学视角下的网络语言浅析

一、什么是网络语言？ 网络语言出现在互联网之后。起初,语言学家对研究网络语言并不热衷。然而,随着互联网的不断普及和发展,网络语言也逐渐的被越来越多的语言学家讨论和研究。在语言学范围内,一些关于网络语言的概念和定义也逐渐被大家所接受。     

构建医患会话的合作原则

通过对门诊医患会话的现场调查,发现经典的合作原则并不完全适用于门诊医患会话。这是因为医患会话中医生和患者之间存在着信息和权势两方面的不对称。为了适应新型的医患关系,在经典合作原则的基础上构建了医患会话的合作原则,以期规范和指导现实的医患会话。     

门诊会话中家属参与诊疗的作用研究

基于自然发生的医生-患者-家属互动的语料,使用会话分析和实证研究方法,对门诊会话中家属参与诊疗所采用的语言和话语策略及其社会语用功能进行了细致的分析,并从认知情态的视角加以阐释。研究发现,家属在诊疗过程中主要实现的功能有提供信息,分担责任;提出疑问,参与决策;提出话题,表示建议。这反映了医生-患者-家属基于对交际者认知状态以及认知地位的认识,实时监控并调整话语策略,来表达自己的认知立场,并对门诊交际和沟通提供一定的启示。     

医患会话中医生身份构建的会话分析研究

建议是十分常见的语言现象,在医患会话中尤为凸显。医生身份构建是交际互动中的涌现而不是事先指定的,身份需要会话双方或多方进行协商与共建。以医生的建议序列为切入点,从会话分析的角度,动态地研究医生在给予患者诊断建议的同时构建和调整不同的会话身份:专家身份、权威者身份、教育者身份、平等同伴身份或多重身份。旨在为医生更好地理解医患交际中身份构建的动态变化,有助于医生选择并调整合适的会话身份实现与患者之间的有效沟通,使医患关系和谐,成功应对日趋激烈的医患矛盾。     

门诊会话中医生和患者礼貌策略的对比分析

本文运用Brown和Levinson的面子理论研究门诊医患会话中的礼貌现象,研究发现医患双方都采用积极礼貌策略、消极礼貌策略以及间接礼貌策略来维护对方的面子以保证交际的顺利进行。通过将医生和患者的礼貌策略进行对比发现,在医患交际过程中,医生会使用直接礼貌策略,而患者则从未使用这一礼貌策略;医生多使用消极礼貌策略而患者多使用积极礼貌策略。分析显示,导致这一现象的根本原因在于医患之间的人际关系不对称。     

一个新格赖斯主义的语用推理模型及其形式刻画

基于"明示–推理"的话语交际模式,可以使用由会话主体集D,会话语言结构Φ,会话语义信息结构M,级差衍推关系?和会话语言解释函数F组成的五元组?D,Φ,M,?,F?来构建一个基于(新)格赖斯主义的语用推理的语形–语义基本框架。该框架由会话参与者、话语形式与话语意义三个层面的要素构成,从"话语传递信息"的角度来理解句子(陈述句)的语义值,将句子解释为该句相对于某主体而言表达的一组信息的集合。说话者基于自身掌握的信息和自身的目的说出明示的话语,听话者由话语形式推知说话者掌握的信息。合作原则及其各种补充,实质上是通过给出一些一般性的规则,来完成由某人的话语行为来反推其知道的信息的工作。这些原则可以在上述五元组构成的框架中描述并展示出来,从而展现出格赖斯及其后继者提出的语用推理原则的一般功能和特性。     

大学生心理需求与网络社交:认知评估与自我调控的作用

为探讨大学生心理需求、认知评估、自我调控和网络社交的关系,采用大学生心理需求量表、网络利弊权衡问卷、自我调控问卷和网络交往问卷对503名大学生进行调查,结果发现:(1)大学生心理需求可显著正向预测网络社交;对上网的好处和代价认知评估在两者间起部分中介作用。(2)自我调控在心理需求和网络社交间起调节作用。由此得出结论,大学生的心理需求可显著影响网络社交,对上网的好处和代价认知评估在二者间起中介作用,自我调控起调节作用。研究结果进一步揭示了心理需求影响网络社交的内在机制,可为网络时代大学生进行健康网络社交提供有益指导。     

儿童网络行为与孤独感的关系——人格的调节效应

对637名3-6年级小学生施测网络行为调查问卷、伊利诺斯孤独问卷、艾森克儿童人格问卷和家庭富足量表,以探讨互联网与儿童孤独感的关系及人格的调节作用。结果发现：1）儿童从事信息获取和休闲娱乐类网络活动较多,参与社会交往类网络活动较少。2）网上信息获取活动显著预测儿童孤独感的降低。3）在网上社会交往及休闲娱乐活动对儿童孤独感的影响中,人格特征起到了调节作用。     

Internet use in the contemporary media environment

Although a significant amount of research has focused on traditional media choice and use, and even on some ‘new’ media, these studies have either neglected the Internet and World Wide Web or were conducted prior to their recent popularity. This study offers a novel exploration of individuals' use of three Internet functions (information retrieval, information giving, and conversation capabilities) in the context of the use of other communication media. Data from 684 individuals demonstrate that the Internet is a multidimensional technology used in a manner similar to other, more traditional media. Specifically, conversation features of the Internet align with mediated interpersonal technologies (the telephone and electronic mail), whereas the Internet's information‐retrieval and information‐giving features are used in ways similar to mass media channels (newspapers, television, and books and magazines). In addition, needs fulfilled by these channels cluster in ways consistent with past research, regardless of the technologies employed to meet them.     

Studying Complex Discursive Systems.

Scholars increasingly theorize about the power of communication to organize and structure social collectives. However, two factors threaten to impede research on these theories: limitations in the scope and range of existing methods for studying complex systems of communication and the large volume of communication produced by even small collectives. Centering resonance analysis (CRA) is a new text analysis method that has broad scope and range and can be applied to large quantities of written text and transcribed conversation. It identifies discursively important words and represents these as a network, then uses structural properties of the network to index word importance. CRA networks can be directly visualized and can be scored for resonance with other networks to support a number of spatial analysis methods. Following a critique of existing methodologies, this paper describes the theoretical basis and operational details of CRA, describes its advantages relative to other techniques, demonstrates its face validity and representational validity, and demonstrates its utility in modeling organizational knowledge. The conclusion argues for its applicability in several organizational research contexts before describing its potential for use in a broader range of applications, including media content analysis, conversation analysis, computer simulations, and models of communication systems.     

Conversation analysis,cyberpsychology and online interaction

In this paper, I explore how conversation analysis (CA) can be used as a method for analysing online interaction. As the number and quantity of online communication platforms have proliferated, there has been a growing interest in social psychology about the impact and effectiveness of online, text‐based communication. A number of theories have been used and developed to explain how online communication might impact upon relationships and effective communication. However, this paper argues that in order to explore the differences between online and offline interaction an analysis of online behaviour is needed. CA allows for an in‐depth, sequential and discursive analysis of real‐life online interactions. It can explore the ways in which the affordances of the interactional platforms are oriented to or made relevant in the interaction. The utility of CA is demonstrated through a number of examples, highlighting how this method can be used to broaden our understanding of how online communication works in practise.     

The Sequential Production of Social Acts in Conversation

With reference to Mead, Peirce, speech act theory, conversation analysis, and Luhmann's phenomenological grounded version of systems theory, the paper tries to reconstruct actions as products of communication. A triadic sequence is identified as the elementary unit for the intersubjective constitution of an act. This unit combines three achievements: (a) the constitution of meaning by sequential attribution, (b) the intersubjective coordination of attributed meanings, and (c) the reproduction of rules, guiding the process of constitution and coordination of attributed meanings. Then, using the tools of systems theory and applying them to empirical results of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, it is shown how the rule scheme is integrated in a triadic sequence, functioning on three different levels of communication. Finally, a specific form of repair after next turn is discussed, relating it to the function of preserving the structure of conversational types. The analysis of such conversational types opens a possible realm of cooperation between conversation analysis and Luhmann's version of systems theory.     

FACILITATING CONVERSATION THROUGH SELF-INITIATED AUGMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION TREATMENT

We examined the conversational skills of 2 adult males with severe motor and speech deficits resulting from cerebral palsy. A multiple baseline design across subjects was used to determine the effectiveness of an intervention strategy designed to teach them to use an augmentative communication system (Touch Talker) independently. The dependent measure was the number of conversation initiations relative to conversation reactions during spontaneous communication across baseline and treatment. The treatment included specific training on using the augmentative system to participate in communication. Once the intervention began, the production of conversation initiations accelerated at a rapid rate. The treatment program was effective in training the subjects to use the augmentative system to increase conversation participation. These results demonstrate that training on the operation of the device alone is not sufficient to ensure improvement in conversation performance, and that it is important to incorporate direct conversational treatment when providing instruction on the use of augmentative communication systems for severely speech-impaired individuals.     

信号检测论在测定“人肉搜索”参与者社会认知辨别力中的应用

采用"人肉搜索结果期待问卷"对225位"人肉搜索"参与者进行在线问卷调查,运用UlehlaAdams构建的信号检测模式进行数据分析,以期探讨参与者的社会认知辨别力(Social Cognitive Discriminability,SCD)及其主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)参与者群体具有一定的SCD(d′=0.61±0.44),即对公权信息和私权信息具有一定的区分能力,且反应偏向β适中(1.24±0.39);(2)性别、受教育程度、月收入和上网时长对SCD及各分测量指标的影响均不显著,而不同居住地参与者的SCD差异边缘性显著,且在"自我体验"分测量指标上差异显著;(3)在"搜集信息"和"社会参与"上具有不同活动倾向的参与者,其SCD具有显著差异,且在"自我体验"和"同伴认同"分测量指标上也有显著差异。可见,SCD主要受参与者上网活动倾向的影响。     

Impact of language anxiety and self-efficacy on accessing Internet sites.

Language interface plays a critical role as the foundation of communication. Possessing greater fluency in the host language can lead to increased opportunities for interaction with host members. This research is to examine the impact of language and Internet usage anxiety and self-efficacy on the intended uses of Internet sites, respectively. By the same token, whether Internet/language self-efficacy would mediate the effects of Internet/language anxiety on the intention of the Internet site use is also examined. A valid sample of 368 undergraduates was tested in this study. The path analysis results mostly supported the model tested. The results display that the anxiety of language and Internet use have significantly influenced self-efficacy of Internet use and language, respectively. Anxiety about language and Internet use have also significantly influenced the intention to use Internet sites individually. Furthermore, language self-efficacy has significantly influenced the intention to use Internet sites, but Internet self-efficacy has not. The implications are discussed at the end of the paper.