SWB和PWB:两种幸福感取向的整合研究

使用主观幸福感量表和Ryff的心理幸福感量表对1000名高校在读学生进行调查。对Ryff的心理幸福感量表应用于中国文化背景下的结构效度进行分析的结果,表明该量表的整体结构效度较好,仅有一个题目所属的维度需要调整。采用结构方程全模型技术对心理幸福感的环境掌控和自我接纳两个维度和主观幸福感的三个维度之间的关系进行验证性因素分析。结果发现,环境掌控对消极情感有显著的直接效应,自我接纳对积极情感和生活满意度的直接效应显著,另外,积极情感还是自我接纳与生活满意度的部分中介。     

基于整合视角的幸福感内涵研析与重构

幸福感是一个关注个体最佳心理功能和体验的概念, 国内外对幸福感的研究主要分为两个取向——主观幸福感（subjective well-being, SWB）和心理幸福感（psychological well-being, PWB）, SWB关注个体享乐, PWB关注个体潜能实现。在对现有文献研究的基础上, 分析了SWB和PWB的特点及其间的区别与联系, 并在一个系统的视角下, 从主体行为感知角度对幸福感进行整合, 提出了个体幸福感整合模型, 呈现了基于主体同一性的幸福感整合路径及特点。在此基础上, 重新界定了幸福感的概念, 从时间维度分析了个体幸福感的整体变化趋势。     

青少年幸福感对学业发展的影响:学校投入的中介效应

当前青少年幸福感的研究普遍采用与成人相同的理论模型,忽略了幸福感的发展性特征。本研究将“未来”作为时间维度纳入青少年幸福感模型,以积极情绪的扩展建构理论为基础,考察指向当下和指向未来的幸福感对青少年学业发展的影响。研究选取283名初中生进行问卷调查,在T₁、T₂和T₃时间点分别测量被试的幸福感、学校投入和学业成就。通过5个月的追踪发现:(1)当同时考虑指向当下和未来的幸福感对学校投入的影响时,只有指向未来的幸福感能够显著预测其学校投入;(2)指向未来的幸福感通过学校投入影响学业成就,学校投入在指向未来的幸福感和学业成就间发挥完全中介作用。     

无惧失败预测幸福:成就动机对心理幸福感的预测作用

前人研究发现成就动机影响个体的主观幸福感,而对心理幸福感的研究较少。本研究利用成就动机量表和心理幸福感量表,采用随机抽样的方法对214名大学生进行问卷调查。研究发现,成就动机与心理幸福感及其各维度呈显著正相关;成就动机的两个维度(追求成功的动机和避免失败的动机)对心理幸福感具有显著预测作用,且避免失败的维度相对贡献更大。结果提示,成就动机可以较好的正向预测心理幸福感,且避免失败的预测作用更强。     

惠州市小金口镇居民主观幸福感的特点及其影响因素

本研究旨在探讨小金口镇居民主观幸福感的特点及其影响因素。抽取小金口镇125名18岁以上的成年人,采用《中国城市居民主观幸福感量表简本》和似会支持评量表》,测量他们的主观幸福感水平和影响因素。调查结果显示：（1）居民总体主观幸福感、目标价值维度和身体健康维度在健康状况上存在显著差异;（2）家庭经济收入、受教育程度和婚姻状况对居民总体主观幸福感的影响不显著,但是在具体维度上存在显著差异;（3）居民总体主观幸福感与社会支持及其各个维度正相关,进一步的回归分析表明,对支持的利用度对主观幸福感的预测力最大,客观支持对主观幸福感的预测作用不显著。     

个人－环境(组织)匹配视角的员工幸福感

个人-环境匹配与员工幸福感的相关研究集中在整体工作满意度、情感幸福感、工作层面满意度、心理幸福感四个方面; 当前的研究不仅关注个人-环境的匹配与员工幸福感的相关, 还重视个人-环境的不匹配及其方向性对员工幸福感的影响; 并通过引入调节变量构建整合的员工幸福感影响因素模型。今后的研究要对相关概念进行清晰界定, 对员工幸福感的研究内容需要超越工作满意度, 要关注个人-环境匹配的不同层面与幸福感的关系, 在方法上要结合组织情境开展动态研究。     

《大学生主观幸福感量表》的编制

根据国内外关于主观幸福感的文献和已有的研究经验,编制了大学生主观幸福感问卷。以往大多数研究认为,主观幸福感由生活满意度和情绪体验两个基本成分构成,本研究认为主观幸福感还应包括社会性行为和人际关系等成分。对376名大学生进行初测,通过探索性因素分析,表明大学生主观幸福感由自我满意、家庭满意、消极情绪、积极情绪、精力、生活满意、社会性行为和人际关系8个维度构成,共41个项目。对511名大学生施测41个项目的主观幸福感问卷,进行验证性因素分析,结果表明,上述结构是合理的。     

幸福感结构的压力调节作用研究

幸福感结构是指外显幸福感和内隐幸福感在个体身上的结合形式.本研究考察了159名大学生,探讨了幸福感结构对压力的调节作用.研究发现,在压力作用下,在高外显/高内隐幸福感个体中,压力和抑郁之间呈显著负相关;在低外显/高内隐幸福感个体中,压力和抑郁之间相关不显著.在低外显/低内隐个体中,压力和抑郁之间相关显著;在高外显/低内隐个体中,压力和抑郁之间相关显著.研究结果表明,个体的内隐幸福感和外显幸福感不一致时,个体表现出对压力的不同调节作用.     

当代农民工感知社会支持、自尊和主观幸福感的关系

本研究以600名农民工为被试,采用自编的农民工感知社会支持情景问卷以及修订的自尊量表、农民工主观幸福感问卷,以探讨农民工感知社会支持、自尊与主观幸福感的关系,并考查农民工自尊在其感知社会支持与主观幸福感之间的中介作用。结果表明：（1）高自尊水平农民工的主观幸福感及其各维度、感知社会支持都极其显著地高于低自尊农民工;（2）自尊水平与主观幸福感及各维度、感知社会支持水平之间存在极其显著的正相关关系;（3）感知社会支持、自尊与主观幸福感显著两两正相关;（4）自尊在感知社会支持基础上对主观幸福感及两个维度回归效应显著,为二者之间重要的中介变量。     

实验性示范性高中高三学生主观幸福感结构分析

本研究在文献分析的基础上,结合国内外已有的主观幸福感量表,通过访谈、开放式问卷等方法,构建了上海市实验性示范性高中高三学生主观幸福感的理论维度,并据此编制了示范性高中高三学生主观幸福感量表.对量表进行探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析后表明:实验性示范性高中高三学生主观幸福感包括良好亲子关系体验等六个维度,量表具有良好的信度和效度.     

Strategies adopted by Turkish adults for increasing happiness in daily life

The present study aims to focus on the strategies adopted by adults in seeking ways to increase happiness in their daily life and to determine whether or not significant differences exist between happiness levels in adults at the very beginning and the end of a four-month period. Sixty-eight adults who were found eligible were included in this study. The research method is of a mixed type. The distinguishing feature of this study is the experience sampling method employed. Positive–Negative Affect and Satisfaction with Life Scales, an experience sampling data form and a personal information form were used in the study. The study results show that adults adopt various strategies in order to get rid of their unhappiness and increase their happiness in three contexts. No statistical significance could be determined between the measurements achieved at the beginning and at the end of the study into the happiness of the participants.     

Reducing indices of unhappiness among individuals with profound multiple disabilities during therapeutic exercise routines.

A program was developed to reduce indices of unhappiness that accompanied therapeutic exercise routines among people with profound multiple disabilities. Indices of unhappiness were recorded, using an observation system that had been validated through previous research involving happiness-related variables, while support personnel conducted exercises with 3 participants. A multicomponent program was then implemented that involved presenting highly preferred stimuli before, during, and after each exercise session. Results indicated that the program was accompanied by reduced indices of unhappiness for each participant relative to the traditional method of conducting the exercises, although changes in the preferred stimuli used with 1 participant were required before consistent reductions occurred. Results are discussed regarding the importance of reducing unhappiness indices as a means of enhancing aspects of the daily quality of life for people with profound multiple disabilities. Areas for future research are also discussed, focusing on expanding the unhappiness-reduction procedures to other routine events that may occasion indices of unhappiness.     

An enriched teaching program for reducing resistance and indices of unhappiness among individuals with profound multiple disabilities

We evaluated an enriched teaching program for reducing resistance and indices of unhappiness displayed by 3 individuals with profound multiple disabilities during teaching sessions. The program involved presentation of preferred activities before, during, and after each teaching session, discontinuation of identified nonpreferred activities, and a brief break and preferred activity following occurrence of resistance. Implementation of the enriched teaching program was accompanied by reductions in resistance and indices of unhappiness for each participant. Results also indicated no negative impact of the program on participant performance of the teaching steps or staff teaching proficiency. Staff questionnaire responses provided a degree of social validation for the observed changes in that staff reported the participants liked the enriched teaching program more than the traditional teaching process. Directions for future research discussed include identifying critical aspects of the overall program and the potential relation between teaching proficiency and the program's enrichment effectiveness.     

Assessing indices of happiness and unhappiness in individuals with developmental disabilities: a review

The behavioral deficits of individuals with profound multiple disabilities (PMD) make it difficult to assess their satisfaction and quality of life. To address this problem, researchers have recently evaluated affective behavior (i.e., indices of happiness and unhappiness) to document the effects of therapeutic interventions and to assist with clinically relevant decisions. We review the recent literature on indices of happiness and unhappiness and discuss its major themes. In addition, potential concerns with this technology are discussed and clinical recommendations are provided. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Is gratitude an alternative to materialism?

Materialistic strivings have been implicated as a cause of unhappiness. Gratitude, on the other hand – both in its manifestations as a chronic affective trait and as a more temporary emotional experience – may be a cause of happiness. In the present paper we review the empirical research on the relationships among materialism, gratitude, and well-being. We present new correlational data on the gratitude–materialism relationship and propose that gratitude may have the potential to reduce materialistic strivings and consequently diminish the negative effects of materialistic strivings on psychological well-being. We conclude with some recommendations for future research on the relationships among gratitude, materialism, and well-being.     

Albert Ellis: Unsung hero of positive psychology

The contributions of Albert Ellis to the understanding of human happiness including his suggestions for living a happier life have not been represented in the field of positive psychology. This article presents Ellis’ theoretical constructs associated with his conception of happiness (dual nature of human psyche, self-actualization, purpose and goals of life and short- and long-term happiness). Eleven of Ellis’ rational principles of living (e.g. self-interest, self-direction, self-acceptance, commitment to absorbing activities, hedonism) are presented. When consistently applied in practice, they may help people to experience frequent positive affect, less frequent and intense negative emotions and high life satisfaction. It will show how Ellis’ ABC-DE scientific method can be used with individuals to lessen unhappiness. Suggestions are provided for research into associations between rationality and happiness as well as the impact of different rationality-based interventions on happiness.     

DEFINING,VALIDATING, AND INCREASING INDICES OF HAPPINESS AMONG PEOPLE WITH PROFOUND MULTIPLE DISABILITIES

In this study we attempted to operationalize, measure, and increase happiness among people with profound disabilities. Happiness indices were defined and observed among 5 individuals. Validation measures indicated that (a) increases in happiness indices were observed when individuals were presented with most preferred stimuli relative to least preferred stimuli, (b) increases in unhappiness indices were observed when they were presented with least preferred relative to most preferred stimuli, and (c) practitioner ratings of participant happiness coincided with observed indices. Subsequently, classroom staff increased happiness indices through presentation and contingent withdrawal of activities. Results suggested that a behavioral approach can enhance happiness as one aspect of quality of life among people with profound disabilities. Research directions are offered that focus on using a behavioral approach to investigate other private events that are important among people with disabilities.     

Human Chances for Happiness: A Review of Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents

Sigmund Freud referred to his Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud 1930/1961) as an “inquiry concerning happiness.” In this article we discuss what he has to say about happiness. We focus on the reasons he gives for why lasting happiness is impossible to realize; his view that human beings tend to give precedence to the reduction of suffering over the desire for happiness; his suggestion that the best path to follow for what degrees of happiness are realizable depends on the individual; his view that pleasurable experiences are the basis for happiness and that no pleasures are comparable to that which occurs when one’s love is reciprocated by the other; the importance he places on the conflict between genital love and aim-inhibited forms of libidinal connection; his view that civilization plays a doubtful role as far as the realization of personal happiness is concerned; and his view of the role that human aggression and the sense of guilt play in promoting the unhappiness of civilized people. We conclude by offering seven comments on Freud’s views on the chance for human happiness.     

Happiness: Classic Theory in the Light of Current Research

Happiness is an eternal concern of philosophy and social science. Several classic intuitions about happiness get some support by the results of modern empirical research, not least, expectations about positive effects of technological development and individualization. The data do not confirm dismal predictions about anomic unhappiness. Though social development and transformation is ambivalent, the overall balance seems to be positive in modern societies.