基因研究中的知情同意之惑

知情同意作为生命伦理的重要原则,在基因研究中同样占据重要的地位,由于基因研究中知情同意的异质性,在基因研究中面临着诸如如何理解其知情同意的异质性、群体知情同意、基因知情与基因隐私、利益冲突等问题.通过分析基因研究中知情同意的特殊性,综合国内外此领域的已有研究,运用理论联系实际的方法,得出结论认为,只有正确区分基因知情与基因隐私的权利主体,用伦理规范来解决利益冲突,在发展中不断完善知情同意,才能够取得科技与伦理的共赢.     

基因研究中的知情同意之惑

知情同意作为生命伦理的重要原则,在基因研究中同样占据重要的地位,由于基因研究中知情同意的异质性,在基因研究中面临着诸如如何理解其知情同意的异质性、群体知情同意、基因知情与基因隐私、利益冲突等问题。通过分析基因研究中知情同意的特殊性,综合国内外此领域的已有研究,运用理论联系实际的方法,得出结论认为,只有正确区分基因知情与基因隐私的权利主体,用伦理规范来解决利益冲突,在发展中不断完善知情同意,才能够取得科技与伦理的共赢。     

生物医学人体受试者研究未来面临的挑战

人体受试者研究的伦理问题在今后将会愈益引起关注,如何看待知情同意的代理权？如何处理不同文化背景下的知情同意原则？在商业利益诱惑下背离本人健康利益和知情同意是否有效？受试者的利益回报,以及体试验研究要求的双盲,随机、对照等原则可能面临的新问是,都是人体受试者研究未来面临的挑战。     

基因组学研究免除具体知情同意的伦理挑战与审查实践

精准医学时代基因组学研究与临床的结合愈加紧密,研究规模和范围大大扩展。然而,机构既往采集保存样本和信息时征询知情同意的方式和质量不尽相同。指引研究者合法合理使用既往留存资源是伦理委员会面临的重要挑战。在适用国际和我国有关规范时,伦理审查应注意基因组信息的身份关联性、终身伴随性和族群相关性,不能仅以研究采样风险不大于最小风险、不免除知情同意增加研究难度为由批准研究者免除具体知情同意的申请,还应结合研究内容,从隐私保护、意外发现对资源提供者健康权益的影响等方面整体权衡个体和群体的风险受益,审慎决定。     

大数据时代的知情同意

《纽伦堡法典》之后,知情同意原则逐渐成为世界医学界公认的保护患者和受试者权利的伦理原则。医学的发展离不开大数据的共享,也对知情同意原有模式提出了挑战。分析知情同意产生、发展以及在大数据时代面临的危机,在此基础上进一步分析数据挖掘与使用中的伦理问题,并探讨医学发展与知情同意原则维护之间的关系。最后在对当前学界研究进展进行综述的基础上,提出建立新型知情同意模式的必要性。     

注重全人群、全方位、全过程——论受试者知情同意伦理审查的强化

通过对医药学研究人体试验受试者知情同意的伦理审查发展现状的说明,分析现阶段知情同意伦理审查工作中存在流于形式,审查结果不够科学、客观和公正等问题。再结合医药学研究的发展需要,说明知情同意伦理审查的工作情况和不断发展的要求。提出对知情同意做到全人群、全方位、全过程的伦理审查的覆盖。并通过实施全人群、全方位、全过程的伦理审查的过程,提高人体试验受试者知情同意伦理审查水平,促进医药学研究和社会医学的发展。     

生物样本库研究的知情同意

生物样本库研究在采集样本和数据时不能明确告知受试者具体的研究内容,因此,知情同意是生物样本库研究面临的一个重要伦理问题。通过对生物样本库研究获得知情同意的可行性以及生物样本库研究风险的具体分析,提出采用多元化的知情同意模式可能最大程度降低受试者风险,同时满足科学研究的需要。知情同意模式的选择取决于生物样本采集、使用和管理的方式,针对不同的方式对知情同意要求提出了一些具体的建议,以期为研究者提供实践参考。     

精准医学对传统知情同意原则的挑战

知情同意包括信息的告知、对信息的理解以及同意的自主性等几个重要环节。知情同意原则的这几个环节在精准医学情境中面临新的挑战。在精准医学中,由于风险和收益存在未知数,风险告知成为难题,告知范围具有不确定性,无法做到信息的充分告知;由于患者或受试者对信息的理解难度增加并影响传统知情同意模式的有效实施;同时,个人自主与群体自主之间面临冲突。在精准医学时代,应当对传统的知情同意原则进行补充,构建出新的知情同意原则的实践模式,以使其更好地发挥作用。     

论生物医学研究伦理中的脆弱性概念

医学和生物科技的进步以生物医学研究为基础。生物医学研究必然涉及人体受试者。保护研究中的受试者是研究伦理的核心问题之一。除了通过知情同意保护所有受试者,研究伦理还需对特别脆弱的受试者提供特别保护。如何确定脆弱者以及对脆弱者应当承担何种道德义务,都以明晰脆弱性概念为前提。标签进路在不界定脆弱性的前提下,通过指派脆弱群体来识别脆弱者;分析进路则试图定义脆弱性,并找出判定脆弱群体的标准。标签进路本身值得质疑:特定群体因何被称为脆弱群体。此外,标签进路中的脆弱群体范围模糊。分析进路中的各种脆弱性定义都存在问题,面临不同困难和挑战。通过分析已有的脆弱性定义,可以发现在生物医学研究伦理中仍然没有一个令人满意的概念。修正现有的脆弱性概念或提供一个更好的概念,将是生物医学研究伦理中的重要议题。     

中国不同民族遗传资源研究中"知情同意"的问题

人类遗传资源是从事生物学、医学研究重要而不可替代的资源.中国不同民族遗传资源是中国最有特色的研究资源.随着越来越多的不同民族遗传资源研究项目的开展,应当重视不同民族人类遗传资源领域研究工作中"知情同意"问题.     

Defining the Subject of Consent in DNA Research

The advent of population-specific genomic research has prompted calls for invention of informed consent protocols that would treat entire social groups as research subjects as well as endow such groups with authority as agents of consent. Critics of such an unconventional ethical norm of “group consent” fear the rhetorical effects of approaching social groups with offers to participate in dialogues about informed consent. Addressing a specific population as the collective subject of genomic research, on this logic, adds currency to the potentially dangerous public opinion that such a group is bound by genetic ties. The paper considers the problem of group and individual identity within the rhetorical dynamics of the discourse and politics of consent.     

“Not Tied Up Neatly with a Bow”: Professionals’ Challenging Cases in Informed Consent for Genomic Sequencing

As the use of genomic technology has expanded in research and clinical settings, issues surrounding informed consent for genome and exome sequencing have surfaced. Despite the importance of informed consent, little is known about the specific challenges that professionals encounter when consenting patients or research participants for genomic sequencing. We interviewed 29 genetic counselors and research coordinators with considerable experience obtaining informed consent for genomic sequencing to understand their experiences and perspectives. As part of this interview, 24 interviewees discussed an informed consent case they found particularly memorable or challenging. We analyzed these case examples to determine the primary issue or challenge represented by each case. Challenges fell into two domains: participant understanding, and facilitating decisions about testing or research participation. Challenges related to participant understanding included varying levels of general and genomic literacy, difficulty managing participant expectations, and contextual factors that impeded participant understanding. Challenges related to facilitating decision-making included complicated family dynamics such as disagreement or coercion, situations in which it was unclear whether sequencing research would be a good use of participant time or resources, and situations in which the professional experienced disagreement or discomfort with participant decisions. The issues highlighted in these case examples are instructive in preparing genetics professionals to obtain informed consent for genomic sequencing.     

美国与知情同意有关的一些问题

知情同意是医疗保健和医学研究的一个基本的伦理学要求。这两种情况中,当医学研究的知情同意标准比医疗保健要求更加严格时,知情同意包含了3种要素：（1）告知病人或受试者该研究的性质。包括益处,危险和其他有关内容;（2）确保病人受试者理解所提供的信息;（3）得到病人或受试者自愿的同意,没有能力参与知情同意的病人包括患痴呆和危重病等无决断 能力的病人,这些病人属弱势病人。如要获许对他们的疾病进行研究,我们必须制定保护弱势受试者有效的伦理政策,提出了关于对痴呆病人、危重病人,脑死亡病人研究的伦理学政策。     

Forbidden knowledge. A case study with commentaries exploring ethical issues and genetic research

This case is part of a series of case studies used as an exercise within a program on research ethics education. The case involves research on genetic birth defects in a culturally distinct, closed religious community in which elders speak for the community. The case raises ethical issues of informed consent in such a setting; of collaboration with the community; of conflicts between the researchers' responsibilities to the community as a whole and to individual subjects; of the impact of the researcher's findings on the practices and values of the community and issues regarding how the researchers share findings with subjects and how the findings are stored.     

Internet research: an opportunity to revisit classic ethical problems in behavioral research

The Internet offers many new opportunities for behavioral researchers to conduct quantitative and qualitative research. Although the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association generalize, in part, to research conducted through the Internet, several matters related to Internet research require further analysis. This article reviews several fundamental ethical issues related to Internet research, namely the preservation of privacy, the issuance of informed consent, the use of deception and false feedback, and research methods. In essence, the Internet offers unique challenges to behavioral researchers. Among these are the need to better define the distinction between private and public behavior performed through the Internet, ensure mechanisms for obtaining valid informed consent from participants and performing debriefing exercises, and verify the validity of data collected through the Internet.     

论临床试验中的治疗性误解及对策

研究和临床治疗在根本目的、基本方法、风险的正当性,以及应遵循的伦理原则等多方面都存在着根本性的区别。在临床试验的理论与实践中,混淆治疗与研究两者的区别,就会造成治疗性误解,从而违背科研伦理的知情同意原则,损害受试者的利益。以研究和治疗的区分为出发点,对治疗性误解的原因、引起的主要伦理问题及对策加以讨论。     

Forbidden knowledge

This case is part of a series of case studies used as an exercise within a program on research ethics education. The case involves research on genetic birth defects in a culturally distinct, closed religious community in which elders speak for the community. The case raises ethical issues of informed consent in such a setting; of collaboration with the community; of conflicts between the researchers’ responsibilities to the community as a whole and to individual subjects; of the impact of the researcher’s findings on the practices and values of the community and issues regarding how the researchers share findings with subjects and how the findings are stored.     

The $1000 genome: ethical and legal issues in whole genome sequencing of individuals

Progress in gene sequencing could make rapid whole genome sequencing of individuals affordable to millions of persons and useful for many purposes in a future era of genomic medicine. Using the idea of $1000 genome as a focus, this article reviews the main technical, ethical, and legal issues that must be resolved to make mass genotyping of individuals cost-effective and ethically effective. It presents the case for individual ownership of a person's genome and its formation, and shows the implications of that position for rights to informed consent and privacy over sequencing, testing, and disclosing genomic information about identifiable individuals. Legal recognition of a person's right to control his or her genome and the information that it contains is essential for further progress in applying genomic discoveries to human lives.     

Informed Consent: An Ethical Issue in Conducting Research with Male Partner Violent Offenders

Ethical codes help guide the methods of research that involves samples gathered from “at-risk” populations. The current article reviews general as well as specific ethical principles related to gathering informed consent from partner violent offenders mandated to outpatient treatment, a group that may be at increased risk of unintentional coercion in behavioral sciences research due to court mandates that require outpatient treatment without the ethical protections imbued upon prison populations. Recommendations are advanced to improve the process of informed consent within this special population and data supporting the utility of the recommendations in a sample 70 partner violent offenders are provided. Data demonstrate that participants were capable of comprehending all essential elements of consent.     

Families with a Member with Mental Retardation and the Ethical Implications of Therapeutic Treatment by Marriage and Family Therapists∗

In this article, ethical issues related to the treatment of families with a member with mental retardation are discussed. The history of psychotherapeutically treating the community with mental retardation and accompanying concerns, such as dual diagnosis and diagnostic overshadowing, are discussed. Ethical considerations of the informed consent and assent process are discussed and applied to more modern areas of confidentiality, treatment goals, and individual sexuality. Marriage and family therapists are encouraged to bring clarity and balance to the process of informed consent and assent when working systemically with the population with mental retardation and their families.