颜色偏好研究进展

颜色偏好是人在心理上所喜爱或偏好的颜色。人们对抽象颜色、具体物色都会表现出偏好;性格、性别、年龄、文化等因素会影响颜色偏好。以往研究者在研究内容、研究材料、研究条件尚存不足,这正是今后研究的方向。     

颜色偏好的性别差异研究进展

颜色偏好是人在心理上所喜爱或偏好的颜色,性别是影响颜色偏好的重要因素之一。本文区分一般人群和特殊人群,结合不同的心理发展阶段,评述对抽象颜色和具体物色的偏好的性别差异研究进展,具体比较了打猎者-采摘者理论、视锥-对立对比成分理论、性别图式理论以及生态效价理论等,并且讨论分析了以往研究者在内容和理论解释等方面存在的不足。未来研究者应采用多元化的方法,深入探索颜色偏好性别差异的机制,期望整合得到解释力更强的理论观点。     

抽象颜色偏好实验研究

本实验采用对偶比较法对4～21岁人群779名被试进行抽象颜色偏好调查研究,得出以下结果：（1）4～21岁人群抽象颜色偏好顺序依次是蓝、橙、红、黄、紫、绿;（2）男生和女生对抽象颜色的偏好具有明最差异;（3）不同年龄段的人群时抽象颜色偏好具有明显差异;（4）抽象颜色偏好虽然随着时代的变迁发生变化,但是仍有一定的规律性。     

Color naming universals: the case of Berinmo

Proponents of a self-identified 'relativist' view of cross-language color naming have confounded two questions: (1) Is color naming largely subject to local linguistic convention? and (2) Are cross-language color naming differences reflected in comparable differences in color cognition by their speakers? The 'relativist' position holds that the correct answer to both questions is Yes, based on data from the Berinmo language of Papua New Guinea. It is shown here that the Berinmo facts instead support a more complex view -- that cross-language color naming follows non-trivial universal tendencies, while cross-language color-naming differences do indeed correlate with differences in color cognition. The rhetoric of 'relativity' versus 'universalism' impedes understanding of cross-language color naming and cognition.     

青年人与老年人网页颜色偏爱研究

前人研究表明：年龄影响颜色偏爱、抽象颜色偏爱不同于具体颜色偏爱。因此本研究在抽象颜色偏爱实验基础上通过设计高保真网页研究青年人、老年人的网页颜色偏爱（包括主题色及其与文本色的搭配）。结果表明：（1）年龄、性别不会影响网页颜色偏爱。（2）浅蓝色、蓝色比较适合作为网页主题色。（3）网页主题采用不同颜色时,被试对文本色偏爱表现出较高的规律性,黑色、蓝色更适合作为网页文本色。     

风险偏爱特征的实验研究

本研究采用等级排序的方法 ,60名被试分别在大、小两种恒定的期望值条件下 ,对不同风险来源和不同风险水平的抽彩方案进行偏爱排序 ,以此来检验组合理论有关风险偏爱模式的假设。结果发现 :( 1 )被试的风险偏爱模式以单峰模式为主 ;( 2 )期望值的大小和不同的风险来源对偏爱模式没有显著影响。通过与美国研究者的结果比较发现 ,中美被试对于固定收益、中等风险和高风险评为最不偏爱的数量上存在显著差异。     

Ecological Effects in Cross‐Cultural Differences Between U.S. and Japanese Color Preferences

We investigated cultural differences between U.S. and Japanese color preferences and the ecological factors that might influence them. Japanese and U.S. color preferences have both similarities (e.g., peaks around blue, troughs around dark‐yellow, and preferences for saturated colors) and differences (Japanese participants like darker colors less than U.S. participants do). Complex gender differences were also evident that did not conform to previously reported effects. Palmer and Schloss's (2010) weighted affective valence estimate (WAVE) procedure was used to test the Ecological Valence Theory's (EVT's) prediction that within‐culture WAVE‐preference correlations should be higher than between‐culture WAVE‐preference correlations. The results supported several, but not all, predictions. In the second experiment, we tested color preferences of Japanese–U.S. multicultural participants who could read and speak both Japanese and English. Multicultural color preferences were intermediate between U.S. and Japanese preferences, consistent with the hypothesis that culturally specific personal experiences during one's lifetime influence color preferences.     

决策的选择偏好研究述评

决策的选择偏好具有可变性。当前主要有三类不同取向的解释。第一类观点以效用概念为核心,分别讨论了评价模式和效用折扣对选择偏好的影响。第二类观点以心理表征概念为基础,分别提出了建构水平和表征差别对选择偏好的影响。第三类观点以联结和人工神经网络概念为要素,分别探讨了心理场距离和规避损失偏向对选择偏好的影响     

心理距离对大学生职业决策偏好的影响

职业决策对大学生职业生涯发展具有重要意义。心理距离作为个体决策的重要影响因素之一,是否也影响着大学生的职业决策偏好？研究通过4个实验,采用2（心理距离：远、近）*2（性别：男、女）混合实验设计,以大学生为研究对象,探讨了心理距离（空间距离、时间距离、社会距离、假设性）和性别对职业决策偏好的影响。研究发现：(1)大学生在心理距离远的情境下更偏好选择稳定、职业声望高的职业;在心理距离近的情境下更偏好选择薪资高、专业对口的职业。（2）空间距离、时间距离、社会距离近的情境下,男大学生比女大学生更偏好选择薪资高、专业对口的职业。     

Causal Models Drive Preference between Drugs that Treat a Focal versus Multiple Symptoms

This research examines the effects of causal beliefs on drug preference. In three studies, 374 undergraduate participants imagined that they suffered from a focal symptom and then indicated their preference between a drug claiming to treat only the focal symptom (single treatment) and a drug claiming to treat the focal symptom and a nonfocal symptom (dual treatment) they thought resulted from a common‐cause or from a different cause. Participants who thought that the symptoms resulted from different causes significantly preferred the single treatment drug more and the dual treatment drug less than participants who thought the symptoms resulted from a common‐cause. Process analysis yielded a significant mediation effect. Specifically, an individual's causal model determines preference by affecting the estimates of the potential gain and loss associated with using each drug. Participants who held a common‐cause model concerning the source of the symptoms thought they would be more likely to need the nonfocal treatment provided by the dual treatment drug and less likely to suffer from side effects when taking this drug, than those with a different‐cause model. The results demonstrate the influence of causal structure on judgment and choice. © 2017 The Authors Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Moving to higher ground: The dynamic field theory and the dynamics of visual cognition

In the present report, we describe a new dynamic field theory that captures the dynamics of visuo-spatial cognition. This theory grew out of the dynamic systems approach to motor control and development, and is grounded in neural principles. The initial application of dynamic field theory to issues in visuo-spatial cognition extended concepts of the motor approach to decision making in a sensori-motor context, and, more recently, to the dynamics of spatial cognition. Here we extend these concepts still further to address topics in visual cognition, including visual working memory for non-spatial object properties, the processes that underlie change detection, and the ‘binding problem’ in vision. In each case, we demonstrate that the general principles of the dynamic field approach can unify findings in the literature and generate novel predictions. We contend that the application of these concepts to visual cognition avoids the pitfalls of reductionist approaches in cognitive science, and points toward a formal integration of brains, bodies, and behavior.     

汉语句子理解中物体隐含颜色心理模拟的ERPs研究

当前研究采用事件相关电位(ERPs)技术,同时沿用经典的句图匹配范式,考察句子理解中物体典型颜色与非典型颜色的心理加工过程在脑电活动上的反映。实验中被试先阅读句子再判断句子后呈现的图片物体是否在句子中出现过,句子中隐含的物体颜色或是关键物体的典型颜色或是非典型颜色。实验结果发现,典型颜色句子版本下句图不匹配条件比句图匹配条件引发了更大的N400效应;而非典型颜色句子版本下两者N400差异不显著。研究结果表明,人们在汉语句子理解过程中会实时对隐含的物体颜色信息进行心理模拟。并且,句子隐含物体颜色的典型性是造成匹配易化或不匹配易化的关键因素之一。     

跨期选择中偏好反转的心理机制

通过直接测量近期和远期选择中备选项激活的情绪、间隔的时间知觉及对备选项金额差异和时间间隔的重视程度,以探究跨期选择中偏好反转产生的心理机制。结果表明：（1）近期选择中,备选项激活的情绪强度差异显著,而远期选择中两者的差异不显著;（2）近期和远期选择中,情绪强度差异和时间知觉差异能够预测偏好反转的发生。研究结果支持了偏好反转的情绪激活差异假说和时间知觉差异假说。     

汉语短时识别中的偏好效应

使用2-AFC任务,对汉语短时识别中的偏好效应进行研究。结果表明：汉语识别中存在偏好效应;偏好效应受词频变化的影响,高频时有更大的偏好效应;本实验的偏好效应不受启动词加工水平的影响,说明它是在一种纯的内隐记忆条件下产生的。     

Mapping the color space of saccadic selectivity in visual search

Color coding is used to guide attention in computer displays for such critical tasks as baggage screening or air traffic control. It has been shown that a display object attracts more attention if its color is more similar to the color for which one is searching. However, what does similar precisely mean? Can we predict the amount of attention that a display color will receive during a search for a given target color? To tackle this question, two color‐search experiments measuring the selectivity of saccadic eye movements and mapping out its underlying color space were conducted. A variety of mathematical models, predicting saccadic selectivity for given target and display colors, were devised and evaluated. The results suggest that applying a Gaussian function to a weighted Euclidean distance in a slightly modified HSI color space is the best predictor of saccadic selectivity in the chosen paradigm. Hue and intensity information by itself provides a basis for useful predictors, spanning a possibly spherical color space of saccadic selectivity. Although the current models cannot predict saccadic selectivity values for a wide variety of visual search tasks, they reveal some characteristics of color search that are of both theoretical and applied interest, such as for the design of human–computer interfaces.     

句子理解中颜色信息的心理表征

采用混合实验设计、实时和事后的句子-图片匹配范式, 以隐含物体典型颜色和非典型颜色信息的句子为实验材料, 以被试对图片的反应时间和阅读时间为因变量指标, 通过不同时间间隔的设置以及不同的实验程序, 探讨了句子理解中静态和动态颜色信息心理表征的特点。结果表明：(1)在加工时间有限的情况下, 两个加工任务是否竞争相同的认知资源是造成句-图范式下匹配易化和不匹配易化的关键因素。(2)对于句子隐含的静态颜色信息, 大脑对典型颜色信息的心理表征具有即时性和局部性, 而对非典型颜色信息的心理表征还具有非局部性的特点。(3)对于句子隐含的动态颜色信息, 大脑不能对其进行即时的心理表征, 这种动态颜色信息的心理表征是在句子阅读晚期发生的。     

日资企业中职工的满意度与选好度——中国与东南亚三国的比较

本文比较了在日资企业里工作的中国和东南亚三国职工的满意度和企业选好度。1总体而言 ,四国职工的满意度都不太高。中国职工对“现在的工资”、“工资的增长”、“福利保健”及“劳动时间”等方面的满意度更低于东南亚三国。只在“职业稳定性”和“对上司的态度”上显示出比较满意。而东南亚三国在“劳动时间”和“福利保健”上有较高的满意度。2与欧美企业相比 ,四国职工对日资企业的评价总体上是低的。除“雇佣稳定性”外 ,对所有项目的回答都是欧美企业优于日资企业。 3如果条件相同 ,中国职工对企业的选好度的顺序是 :本国企业、欧美企业、港台企业和日资企业。马来西亚是 :日本企业、欧美企业、本国企业、港台企业。印度尼西亚将日资企业排在第二位。泰国将日资企业排在第三位。4在中国 ,对日资企业的选好度的决定因素是对工作和待遇的满意度和对日资企业劳动条件的评价。而在东南亚三国 ,起决定作用的是满意度和日本管理有用性。     

汉语相似启动中的偏好效应

使用2-AFC任务，对汉语相似启动中的偏好效应进行研究。结果表明：与联想相比，语义相似对产生启动更有帮助；相似启动中存在偏好效应，但偏好方向发生了改变。     

Differences in Media Preference Mediate the Link Between Personality and Political Orientation

Research has consistently demonstrated that political liberalism is predicted by the personality trait Openness to Experience and conservatism by trait Conscientiousness. Less well studied, however, is how trait personality influences political orientation. The present study investigated whether differences in media preference might mediate the links between personality and political orientation. Participants completed measures of Big Five personality, media preferences, and political orientation. Results revealed that increased preferences for Dark/Alternative and Aesthetic/Musical media genres, as well as decreased preferences for Communal/Popular media genres, mediated the association between Openness to Experience and liberalism. In contrast, greater preferences for Communal/Popular and Thrilling/Action genres, as well as lower preferences for Dark/Alternative and Aesthetic/Musical genres mediated the link between Conscientiousness and conservatism.     

Color naming: A mapping in the IMCS of common color terms

This study can be considered a follow-up of the investigations of basic color terms by Berlin & Kay and others following their paradigm. It is complementary to these inasmuch as a different method was used for identifying focal areas and boundaries of common color categories, namely semantic differential scales and isosemantic mapping. Further, colors from the entire color space were studied. No comparisons were made between languages, this study being only concerned with the Swedish language. The purpose of this study was to provide a more thorough mapping of the "spread gradients" in various areas of the NCS color space of color categories as represented by the most common color terms.