无关声音效应研究述评

无关声音效应是在对注意与记忆进行研究时所发现的一个现象,有益于探讨噪音等无关声音刺激对个体认知过程、工作绩效及身心健康的影响作用。在简要回顾ISE现象的界定与理论解释争论的基础上,重点从对刺激强度不同的ISE现象之理论分析、应用价值及一些相关的近期研究方面作了介绍,从对ISE现象的理论解释、无关声音刺激的选取、研究方法的综合使用、ISE现象中的个体差异等方面做了展望。     

The Name-Pronunciation Effect: Further Evidence from Chinese

This study examined the Chinese name-pronunciation effect. The easy-to-pronounce and difficult-to-pronounce Chinese names were created using the same characters in order to control for visual perceptual and conceptual fluency. In Experiment 1, participants rated each name in terms of liking, electability as a state leader, income level, and baby name preference. An additional rating of prevalence was used to estimate familiarity. In Experiment 2, participants did not read the name aloud before rating and performed intentional recall and recognition tests. In both experiments, the easy-to-pronounce names were rated higher than difficult-to-pronounce names on liking. This effect generalized to judgments of electability and baby name preference but not to prevalence and income level. There were no differences in memory performances between the two types of names. Results are discussed in terms of the boundary condition of the name-pronunciation effect and the advantage of using Chinese names to study this effect.     

无关言语对汉字短时记忆系列回忆的影响*

采用视觉呈现字表和听觉呈现无关言语方式,探讨在字表项目保持期间阻止被试复述情况下,不同呈现位置的无关言语对汉字短时记忆系列回忆的影响。在字表保持期间,采用计算任务进行分心作业。实验结果发现：(1)无关言语对汉字短时记忆系列回忆成绩存在显著影响;(2)在字表保持期间阻止被试进行复述消除了字表呈现期间呈现无关言语对回忆成绩产生的干扰效应;(3)汉字短时记忆系列回忆成绩表现出系列位置效应。实验结果没有完全支持客体情节记忆模型。     

Effects of Organizational Citizenship Behaviours: Evidence from Production Supervisors

Based on a sample of production workers in a textile firm, supervisory ratings of employee performance were found to be influenced by supervisors' perceptions of employees' organizational citizenship behaviours as well as by employees' objectively measured performance. Regression analysis indicated that supervisory ratings were influenced by two dimensions of organizational citizenship behaviour — conscientiousness and altruism — as well as by objective performance. These three variables explained 53% of the variance in ratings. A third dimension of OCB, sportsmanship, did not affect supervisory ratings.     

影响员工工作投入的组织相关因素研究

以361名企事业员工为被试,采用问卷法和结构方程建模分析方法探讨了组织公平、角色压力、组织支持感和组织承诺对工作投入的影响及其途径。结果表明:角色压力、组织公平与组织支持感均对工作投入和组织承诺有较好的预测效力。经检验,组织公平和组织支持感对工作投入产生显著的间接影响,组织承诺则主要表现为直接影响;而角色压力对于工作投入既有直接影响,又存在间接影响。     

Irrelevant sensory stimuli interfere with working memory storage: Evidence from a computational model of prefrontal neurons

The encoding of irrelevant stimuli into the memory store has previously been suggested as a mechanism of interference in working memory (e.g., Lange & Oberauer, Memory, 13, 333–339, 2005; Nairne, Memory & Cognition, 18, 251–269, 1990). Recently, Bancroft and Servos (Experimental Brain Research, 208, 529–532, 2011) used a tactile working memory task to provide experimental evidence that irrelevant stimuli were, in fact, encoded into working memory. In the present study, we replicated Bancroft and Servos’s experimental findings using a biologically based computational model of prefrontal neurons, providing a neurocomputational model of overwriting in working memory. Furthermore, our modeling results show that inhibition acts to protect the contents of working memory, and they suggest a need for further experimental research into the capacity of vibrotactile working memory.     

Modulation of the attentional blink by on-line response selection: Evidence from speeded and unspeeded Task1 decisions

Two critical target stimuli (T₁ and T₂) were embedded in a stream of white letters shown on a black background, using a rapid serial visual presentation paradigm (RSVP, 100 msec/item). T₁ was a red H or S; T₂ was an X or a Y. Performance in a two-alternative discrimination on T₂ was impaired when processing of T₁ was required—a result often called an attentional blink (AB). In previous work, the response in Task₁ has been an unspeeded and delayed response at the end of the trial. Three experiments compared performances in Task₂ that depended on whether Task₁ required an unspeeded delayed response or a speeded immediate response. A larger AB was found when a speeded response was required. Furthermore, in the speeded conditions, faster responses in Task₁ were associated with a smaller and shorter AB effect than were slower responses. The results show that manipulations affecting a relatively late stage of processing—response selection—affect the magnitude and duration of the AB phenomenon. A new central inhibition theory is proposed to account for these results. According to this theory, the AB is similar to the psychological refractory period effect and is caused by central postponement of short-term consolidation of T₂.     

Irrelevant singletons capture attention: evidence from inhibition of return

Previous research has shown that a salient feature singleton may capture attention in a stimulus-driven, bottom-up fashion (e.g., Theeuwes, 1992,1994b). This conclusion has been challenged by others claiming that the observed attentional capture by irrelevant singletons may not be stimulus driven but due to top-down attentional control settings and/or nonspatial filtering costs. In the present study, we show that inhibition of return (IOR) occurs at the location of an irrelevant singleton. Participants were slower to detect a target presented at the location of the irrelevant singleton, relative to other locations. Since IOR can be observed only as a result of an exogenous, stimulus-driven shift of spatial attention, it isun-likely that top-down control settings and/or nonspatial filtering costs played a role. In line with earlier claims, the present findings provide strong evidence that salient singletons capture spatial attention in a purely bottom-up way.     

Preferring the One in the Middle: Further Evidence for the Centre‐stage Effect

The location of an item influences a person's preference for that item, but it is unclear whether there is a preference for items located on the right or in the centre. In replication of the centre‐stage effect, it was found that when participants were presented with a line of five pictures, they preferred pictures in the centre rather than at either end. This applies when the line of pictures was arranged horizontally or vertically and when participants selected from five pairs of identical socks arranged vertically. The results support the centre‐stage explanation of location‐based preference rather than the hemispheric difference or body‐specific accounts. Implications of the effects of location on consumer choices and preference decisions are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the Irrelevance of Phonological Similarity to the Irrelevant Speech Effect

Irrelevant background speech disrupts immediate recall of visually presented items. Salame and Baddeley (1982) found that increasing the phonological similarity between the irrelevant speech and the visual items greatly increased this disruption. In contrast, Jones and Macken (1995) found little evidence for such an increase. The present experiments directly manipulated the phonological similarity of the irrelevant speech background and the to-be-remembered visual items. Experiments 1-4 compared background speech that shared virtually no phonemes with the visual stimuli with background speech that shared all of the phonemes of the visual stimuli. No effectof phonological similarity was found.Experiment5 replicatedthe method of Salame and Baddeley's critical experimentbut nottheir results. With regard to the two primary explanations ofthe irrelevant speech effect, these data present a strong challenge to the phonological store hypothesis while offering some support to the changing state hypothesis.     

Memory for Related and Unrelated Words: Further Evidence on the Influence of Semantic Factors in Immediate Serial Recall

A number of recent studies have explored the role of long-term memory factors in memory span tasks. The effects of lexicality, frequency, imageability, and word class have been investigated. The work reported in this paper examined the effect of semantic organization on the recall of short lists of words. Specifically, the influence of semantic category on immediate serial recall and the interaction of this variable with articulatory suppression was investigated in three experiments. Experiment 1 compared immediate serial recall performance when lists comprising items from the same semantic category were used (homogeneous condition) with a situation where lists held items from different semantic categories. Experiment 2 examined the same conditions with and without articulatory suppression during item presentation, and Experiment 3 reproduced these conditions with suppression occurring throughout presentation and recall. Results of all three experiments showed a clear advantage for the homogeneous condition. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that the homogeneous category advantage did not depend on the articulatory loop. Furthermore, error analysis indicated that this effect was mainly attributable to better item information recall for the homogeneous condition. These results are interpreted as reflecting a long-term memory contribution to the recall stage of immediate serial recall tasks.     

类别归纳的时间过程和源定位 ——事件相关电位研究提供的电生理证据

采用事件相关电位（ERP）技术,以图形比较为实验作业探索类别归纳的神经机制。任务要求被试归纳两个图形刺激之间的共享特征,根据共享特征数量的不同构成三个任务：共享一个特征（S1F）、共享两个特征（S2F）和共享三个特征（S3F）。S1F任务和S2F任务被看作“归纳”任务,S3F任务被看作“非归纳”任务。对三个任务诱发的脑电分别进行叠加和平均,通过相减技术得到差异波（S1F－S3F,S2F－S3F）。在400到650ms时间窗口三个条件均诱发了LPC成分,地形图显示三个条件下LPC的头皮分布均出现在中－顶;两个“归纳”任务与“非归纳”任务在LPC上存在显著差异,而两个“归纳”任务在LPC上没有显著差异。对两个差异波在400到650ms时段的数据进行偶极子源分析,结果显示每个差异波均只有一个偶极子源,且二者定位相似（均在海马附近）。由于已知海马与新异联系的形成有关,因此LPC可能反映了类别归纳的关键加工——新异联结的形成     

Organizational Coverups: Factors Influencing the Discipline of Information Gatekeepers1

This study examines factors that influence the severity of discipline administered to a subordinate information gatekeeper who is guilty of covering up an event and concealing and distorting information. Undergraduate business students read one of eight versions of a case depicting faulty upward communication, in which three variables-the superior-subordinate dependency relationship, the subordinate's motivation, and the subordinate's remorse-were manipulated. Unethicality of the offense was evaluated to be quite high across all experimental conditions, yet mild discipline was recommended when the superior was highly dependent on his subordinate and when the subordinate acted out of altruism for his superior. Probability of reoccurrence of the infraction was judged lowest when the offending subordinate displayed remorse. These findings are interpreted as representing a pragmatic orientation toward discipline based on perceived costs or benefits to the administrator. Conditions that increase the vulnerability of decision-makers to faulty upward communication are discussed.     

视觉复杂性和字间距调节汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的视觉拥挤效应:来自眼动的证据

采用眼动追踪技术,通过笔画数多少构成高低不同的视觉复杂性,操纵文本的字间距,来考察视觉复杂性和字间距对汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的视觉拥挤效应的影响。结果发现,阅读障碍儿童阅读低视觉复杂性文本时,随着字间距的不断增加,字间距增加到一定程度时（+6 pt）阅读时间最长、总注视次数最多,随后在本实验字间距最大条件下（+12 pt）阅读时间变短、总注视次数变少,正常儿童不存在这种现象。结果表明,文本阅读中,字间距和视觉复杂性对阅读障碍儿童的视觉拥挤效应起到调节作用,低视觉复杂性文本可以降低阅读障碍儿童的视觉拥挤效应,阅读障碍儿童的视觉拥挤效应强度和字间距大小的数量关系呈非线性。     

Letters of Gratitude: Further Evidence for Author Benefits

This study examined the effects of writing letters of gratitude on three primary qualities of well-being; happiness (positive affect), life-satisfaction (cognitive evaluation), and depression (negative affect). Gratitude was also assessed. Participants included 219 men and women who wrote three letters of gratitude over a 3 week period. A two-way mixed method ANOVA with a between factor (writers vs. non-writers) and within subject factor (time of testing) analysis was conducted. Results indicated that writing letters of gratitude increased participants’ happiness and life satisfaction, while decreasing depressive symptoms. The implications of this approach for intervention are discussed.     

Stimulus Comparison and Perceptual Learning: Further Evidence and Evaluation from an Imprinting Procedure

Two experiments used chicks to investigate the role of stimulus comparison in perceptual learning. In Experiment 1, chicks received exposure to two views of a jungle fowl, SV (side view) and BV (back view), intermixed within a session (mixed exposure), exposure to SV in one session and BV in a different session (separate exposure), or no exposure to either view. All chicks then received a heat-reinforced discrimination with SV and BV serving as discriminanda. Chicks given mixed exposure acquired the discrimination more readily than did either those given separate exposure or those given no exposure. In Experiment 2, all chicks received mixed exposure to the two stimuli. For one group the interval between presentations of the stimuli was short (short-mixed), for the other group it was long (long-mixed). Subjects in the long-mixed condition acquired the heat-reinforced discrimination more rapidly than those in the short-mixed condition. These results suggest that the intermixed nature of stimulus exposure is an important determinant of the magnitude of perceptual learning effects.     

Structure of the Modern Japanese Family: Evidence From the Results of a Doll Location Test by Adolescents

To test Herzberg's (1966, 1987; Herzberg, Mausner, &; Snyderman, 1959) motivator-hygiene theory, I examined the relationship between work values and job satisfaction. Educators (N # 386) from 18 Canadian secondary schools were asked to report the degree to which they experienced 16 work values and five dimensions of job satisfaction. Factor analysis suggested five sets of work values: intrinsic work-related, intrinsic work-outcome, extrinsic job-related, extrinsic job-outcome, and extrinsic people-related. Regression analyses identified the best predictors for each of the five dimensions of job satisfaction. The results support and extend Herzberg's theory. In addition to those identified by Herzberg, other factors contributed portions of variance to the five dimensions of job satisfaction.     

Further Validation of a Need-based Quality-of-work-life (QWL) Measure: Evidence from Marketing Practitioners

This study further validates a need-based measure of quality of work life (QWL) developed by Sirgy et al. (Soc Indic Res 55:46–56, 2001). We conceptualized the QWL construct in terms of employee satisfaction with two sets of major needs: lower- and higher-order needs. Lower-order needs comprise health/safety needs and economic/family needs. Higher-order needs involve social needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs, knowledge needs, and aesthetic needs. The results from a survey of marketing professionals largely supported the construct validity and predictive validity of the QWL measure. As expected, QWL has a positive influence on esprit de corps, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment among marketing managers. Managerial implications and directions for future research are also discussed.     

The Organizational Performance Cycle: Longitudinal Assessment of Key Factors

The study's working model postulated static and temporal relationships among goal-setting variables, self-competence, and job performance. Two studies testing the working model are described. Study 1 involved administration of an employee survey to 225 employees of a military installation on two separate occasions. Self-report measures of ability, personal goals, and self- competence were used to predict self- and supervisory-performance ratings. Study 2 involved collection of comparable measures over three occasions from 191 employees of a U.S. Federal mint. Results of both studies indicated that a longitudinal path model fit the data better than a cross-sectional model.