自我概念在父母情感关爱与儿童发展间的完全中介效应

运用问卷法,对北京612名中小学生及其父母分别进行了儿童孤独退缩行为、自我概念及父母情感关爱行为测试,运用LISEREL软件对数据的分析结果表明:父母情感关爱行为通过儿童自我概念的完全中介作用,对儿童的孤独退缩行为起到明显的抑制作用;在父母情感关爱行为和儿童学业成就之间,儿童的学业自我概念也起到了明显的完全中介效果.从而支持了儿童自我概念在父母情感关爱与儿童发展间的完全中介地位.     

儿童对父母关爱的感知能力的发展

为了说明儿童能否感知到父母在情感、生理和行为三个方面的关爱,研究采用情境故事考察了幼儿园中班及小学二、四、六年级169名儿童对父母关爱的感知能力的发展特点。结果表明：随着年龄的增长,儿童对父母关爱的感知能力在不断发展;女孩对父母情感关爱的感知显著高于男孩;独生子女对父母生理关爱的感知显著高于非独生子女;高同伴接纳水平儿童对父母生理关爱的感知显著高于低同伴接纳水平儿童。     

坚毅力的代际传递:父母教养方式的中介作用

从代际传递的角度,考察父母坚毅力和子女坚毅力的关系,同时检验教养方式在二者之间的中介作用。方法：采用问卷法对北京市三所中学初一、初二年级共302名青少年及其父母的数据进行调查,研究工具采用坚毅力问卷（Grit-Scales）、父母教养方式问卷（PBI）。结果：（1）父亲和母亲的坚毅力总分及两个维度兴趣一致性、坚持努力均可正向预测青少年坚毅力总分及各维度;（2）父亲教养方式的关爱维度在父亲坚毅力与孩子坚毅力之间起中介作用,母亲教养方式的关爱维度在母亲坚毅力与孩子坚毅力之间起中介作用。结论：坚毅力存在代际之间的传递,并且教养方式的关爱维度在代际传递过程中起部分中介作用。     

父母教养方式对青少年社会适应的影响:人格类型的调节作用

采用青少年父母教养方式问卷、青少年小五人格问卷和青少年社会适应评估问卷对六城市的2288名中学生进行调查,探讨父母教养方式对青少年社会适应的影响及人格类型在其中的调节作用。结果发现:(1)青少年父母教养方式可分为民主型、权威型、专制型和忽视型四种,所占比例分别为35.2%、16.9%、20.8%、27.1%,不同父母教养类型的青少年在社会适应、人格五因素各维度上的差异达到显著水平;(2)除撤回爱护与行事效率之间相关不显著外,父母教养行为与青少年社会适应各维度相关均达到显著水平;(3)人格类型可以调节父母教养行为对青少年社会适应的预测作用,表现在支持陪伴、自主准予及知晓度对积极适应的影响以及规则引导、自主准予及知晓度对消极适应的影响。     

初中生友谊的发展特点

以638名初中生为被试,采用自编的友谊问卷,考察其友谊发展特点。结果发现:(1)友谊认知上,初一学生在关心与帮助和信任与尊重维度的得分高于初二学生,女生在关心与帮助、重情轻利和信任与尊重维度的得分高于男生;(2)友谊行为上,女生表现出更多的积极交往行为,而男生在竞争嫉妒维度的得分显著高于女生;(3)友谊情感存在性别差异,女生对友谊关系更为满意,男生体验到更高水平的社交焦虑;(4)不同友谊认知类型的初中生表现出不同的友谊行为,且具有不同的情感体验。     

父母、教师在3～4岁儿童气质与行为问题相关性上的系统性认知差异

为探究父母和教师在儿童气质与行为问题相关性上的认知差异,本研究采用问卷法对114名3～4岁儿童的父母和所在班教师分别进行施测,结果发现：（1）相对父母问卷,教师问卷结果中,活动水平维度与诸行为问题因子系统性地产生了更强烈的相关;（2）教师问卷结果中,反应阈维度与活动水平、多动、不注意-被动等因子显著相关,而父母问卷结果中则不显著。     

精神型领导对员工情感承诺的影响:主观支持感的调节效应

采用精神型领导问卷、情感承诺问卷和主管支持感问卷对403名企业员工进行问卷调查,探讨了精神型领导对员工情感承诺的影响,以及主管支持感对精神型领导与员工情感承诺的调节效应。结果表明:精神型领导三个维度对情感承诺均具有显著的正向影响;主管支持感对信念/使命感维度与情感承诺之间的关系有显著的调节作用,而对无私关爱、组织愿景与情感承诺之间的关系没有显著的调节作用。     

家庭环境、父母监控、自我控制与青少年犯罪

采用问卷法考察了少管所、工读学校和普通中学740名青少年的违法犯罪行为.据严重违法犯罪行为得分将被试分为3组:无、中等和严重.三组青少年在家庭环境、父母监控和自我控制上差异显著:严重违法犯罪行为组父母离异比例高,父母受教育水平低;家庭氛围的矛盾性得分高,亲密度、情感表达和道德观等维度得分低;父母监控水平低;自我控制能力低.路径分析发现,低自我控制是预测青少年违法犯罪行为的重要个体因素,它对家庭氛围有显著的中介作用,但对其他变量的中介作用不显著.     

老年人配偶支持的特点及其与夫妻依恋、婚姻满意度的关系

分别从实际和期望支持、情感和物质支持两个维度考察了老年人配偶支持的特点,并且采用结构方程模型来检验配偶支持、夫妻依恋和婚姻满意度三者之间的关系.289位有配偶的城市社区老年人参加了本次问卷调查,年龄范围为60～88岁.重要他人问卷、老年人夫妻依恋问卷及Locke-Wallace婚姻调适测定问卷分别用来测量老年人的配偶支持、夫妻依恋和婚姻满意度情况.结果表明:(1)性别、年龄及受教育水平不同的老年人在配偶支持上存在显著差异;(2)老年人的配偶支持与夫妻依恋和婚姻满意度三者两两相关,配偶支持以夫妻依恋为中介影响婚姻满意度.     

学习风格与中美大学生课堂学习行为的关系研究

中美学生存在课堂学习行为差异的现象得到了中外众多教育工作者的关注和讨论.本文作者推测,中美学生在学习风格上存在的结构取向和深度取向的差异,是导致他们表现出不同课堂行为反应的一个原因.本研究采用学习风格量表和课堂学习行为量表对281名中国大学生和206名美国大学生施测.数据分析结果表明,中美学生存在学习风格与课堂学习行为的显著差异;学习风格的结构取向与课堂学习行为呈显著负相关,深度取向与课堂学习行为呈显著正相关;结构取向的学习风格在文化组别与课堂学习行为之间存在部分中介作用,表明结构取向至少能部分地解释中美大学生之间的课堂学习行为差异.     

情绪智力的代际传递：有调节的中介模型

为考察父母情绪智力对青少年情绪智力的代际传递效应,同时探讨情感温暖的中介作用以及同伴关系的调节作用,对644名初中生及其父母进行调查,由父母报告自身情绪智力水平,青少年报告父母情感温暖、同伴关系以及自身情绪智力水平。结果发现：（1）父母情绪智力显著正向影响子女情绪智力。（2）父母情感温暖在父母情绪智力与子女情绪智力之间中介效应显著。（3）同伴关系在父母情感温暖影响子女情绪智力的路径中起显著调节作用。     

Low‐income parents' warmth and parent–child activities for children with disabilities,suspected delays and biological risks

Warm and responsive parenting is optimal for child development, but this style of parenting may be difficult for some parents to achieve. This study examines how parents' observed warmth and their reported frequency of parent–child activities were related to children's classifications as having biological risks or a range of disability indicators. Children were low‐income prekindergarteners who participated in the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project Longitudinal Follow‐up. Data from parent, early care and education staff reports, and direct child assessments were used to classify children into the following groups: disabilities, suspected delays, biological risks, disabilities and biological risk, suspected delays and biological risk, and no disability indicator. Socioeconomic status (ethnicity, maternal education and poverty level) and maternal depression were controlled in the analyses. The parents of children with disabilities and suspected delays evidenced significantly lower levels of warmth and less frequent parent–child activities compared with other parents. The parents of children with biological risk factors who did not also have disabilities or suspected delays did not exhibit decreased warmth and less frequent parent–child activities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Impact of Childhood Emotional Abuse on Adolescents’ Subjective Happiness: the Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence

Subjective happiness has been considered a key indicator of adolescents’ healthy development. The present study aimed at identifying the impact of childhood emotional abuse on adolescents’ subjective happiness and the possible role of emotional intelligence as a mediating variable. Using convenience sampling, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with 9 secondary schools in Hong Kong, China. Participants included a total of 1710 grade 8 to grade 9 secondary school students. The mean age was 13.6, and 61.2% were boys. Measures included child abuse and trauma, emotional intelligence, and subjective happiness. The results showed that childhood emotional abuse in adolescents’ childhood is a significant risk factor for subjective happiness. Emotional intelligence has a partial mediation effect on the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and subjective happiness. It is noteworthy that parenting practices in childhood have a significant impact on children’s happiness even after a period of time. It is suggested that students’ emotional intelligence be enhanced to increase their subjective happiness. Although the conventional parenting style may be rooted in Chinese culture, a paradigm shift in parenting seems to be needed for Chinese parents. Efforts should be made to promote appropriate parenting methods and emotional intelligence in Chinese societies. Limitations of the study and recommendations for future research are also discussed.

     

幼儿外倾性与攻击行为的关系:自我控制和母亲温暖教养的调节作用

本研究以上海市某幼儿园的237名3~6岁幼儿为被试,请母亲填写幼儿气质及教养方式问卷,幼儿园教师评定幼儿的攻击行为,探讨幼儿外倾性与攻击行为的关系,以及自我控制和母亲温暖教养方式在其中的保护作用。结果表明,自我控制和母亲温暖可以调节幼儿外倾性与攻击行为的关系。与较低的自我控制和母亲温暖的幼儿相比,幼儿较高的自我控制和母亲温暖,可以弱化外倾性与攻击行为的正向关联。结果揭示了自我控制和母亲温暖对幼儿外倾性具有保护作用,有助于减弱这些个体的攻击行为。     

幼儿外倾性与攻击行为的关系:自我控制和母亲温暖教养的调节作用

本研究以上海市某幼儿园的237名3~6岁幼儿为被试,请母亲填写幼儿气质及教养方式问卷,幼儿园教师评定幼儿的攻击行为,探讨幼儿外倾性与攻击行为的关系,以及自我控制和母亲温暖教养方式在其中的保护作用。结果表明,自我控制和母亲温暖可以调节幼儿外倾性与攻击行为的关系。与较低的自我控制和母亲温暖的幼儿相比,幼儿较高的自我控制和母亲温暖,可以弱化外倾性与攻击行为的正向关联。结果揭示了自我控制和母亲温暖对幼儿外倾性具有保护作用,有助于减弱这些个体的攻击行为。     

Development of a pleasure in parenting scale

Two major components of parenting have been identified: warmth and control. There has been a great deal of work on the measurement of control, but there are not many measures of parental warmth. As part of an attempt to develop better measures of warmth, we developed a scale measuring parents' pleasure in carrying out routine caretaking acts with their children. This measure was then related to other measures of positive support such as observation, observer ratings and questionnaires. As there is evidence in the literature that quality of the environment interacts with parenting, we related the measure to measures of stress, observer ratings of quality of the home, marital interaction and parental mood. Finally, we examined the relation of child variables (attachment classification, temperament rating and observed behaviours) to the parents' ratings of pleasure in the child.     

父母情感温暖对儿童青少年学校投入的影响:有调节的中介模型

研究探索了青少年自我管理能力在父母情感温暖与学校投入之间的中介作用,以及学校氛围对上述中介效应的调节作用。采用父母情感温暖量表、青少年自我管理量表、学校氛围量表和学校投入量表对1033名中小学生进行测查。结果表明:(1)父母情感温暖可以正向预测学校投入;(2)自我管理在其中起中介作用,即父母情感温暖可以通过自我管理间接影响学校投入;(3)父母情感温暖影响学校投入的有调节的中介模型成立,其中学校氛围在前半段和后半段路径中均起调节作用,但作用有所不同。     

Intergenerational transmission of qualities of the parent–child relationship in the population-based Young Finns Study

We examined the intergenerational transmission of parent–child relationship qualities in a population-based Finnish sample of 1418 participants (G2) and their mothers (G1). At baseline, G1 (Mage = 38) reported qualities of the parent–child relationship in terms of emotional warmth and acceptance towards G2 (age range 3–18). After 28 years, G2 (Mage = 39) rated the qualities of the parent–child relationship regarding their own children using the same questionnaire. Emotional warmth and acceptance were transmitted across generations even after controlling for demographic and family characteristics in both generations. The transmission was stronger for emotional warmth than acceptance. For emotional warmth, intergenerational transmission was stronger for men than women. The findings provide evidence for the long-term transmission of parenting quality across generations.     

Children’s Intent Attributions and Feelings of Distress: Associations with Maternal and Paternal Parenting Practices

Many studies point to the importance of social information processing mechanisms in understanding distinct child behaviors such as aggression. However, few studies have assessed whether parenting might be related to such mechanisms. This study considers how aversive forms of parenting (i.e., corporal punishment, psychological control) as well as parental warmth and responsiveness might be concurrently associated with children’s hostile intent attributions and emotional distress in response to ambiguous provocation scenarios (both instrumental and relational). A sample of 219 children (101 boys, 118 girls) and their parents participated. Bivariate associations showed that parenting dimensions and child variables were significantly associated in mostly expected ways, but only in father–child relationships (especially father–son relationships). Analyses generally showed dimensions of aversive parenting by fathers to be associated with a greater tendency toward hostile attributional bias in children. Moreover, paternal warmth and responsiveness, as well as corporal punishment, were associated with less emotional distress in boys. In contrast, paternal psychological control predicted greater emotional distress in boys. The findings suggest that the tone of the father–son relationship, in particular, may help set the tone for how boys interpret their social world. Psychological control figures prominently in this regard.