“静待花开”——生态式艺术教育理念对儿童发展的影响

生态式艺术教育,是指在注重单独的艺术学科对话的同时,还要注重艺术学科与其他学科的交叉与贯通,将艺术学科作为其他学科的辅助手段,通过艺术与情感、艺术与文化、艺术与科学、艺术与生活相沟通的多种教育方法和途径,以提高学生的审美意识、艺术感觉、人文素养和创造力,使学生终身受益,拥有可持续发展的能力。以欢欢为个案研究对象,通过对其参与的以"生态式艺术教育"为理念的4年课程的课堂实录总结以及艺术作品分析,从感情成长、智慧成长、生理成长、知觉成长、社会成长、美感成长、创造性成长七个方面,来呈现生态式艺术教育课程对于儿童整体发展的影响。     

道德观念在艺术教学中的回归

认真研究当今的艺术教育状况,不难发现,当代艺术教育已到了一个进退两难的境地.艺术教育的功利化令艺术教育变得更加现实,因而很难创造出优秀的艺术作品和培养具有创造性的艺术人才.鉴于此,在教学过程中应强调对教育对象进行道德教育,强化他们的道德观念.     

投稿须知

<正>《法音》杂志为中国佛教协会会刊,是集佛教教务、佛学研究、佛教文化艺术和佛教知识、信息于一体的综合性佛教刊物,观点权威,信息量大,是中国人文和社会科学核心期刊。主要栏目有:法音论坛、专题访谈、佛典导读、修证指要、佛门人物、和谐寺院、佛教文史、胜迹巡礼、佛教艺术、政策法规、藏传佛教、南传     

苏联研究创造性思维的两个新的侧面

创造心理学是苏联心理学研究的重要方面。创造性地解决问题是工人和科学家,艺术家和领导者,思想战线和教育战线工作者的中心任务。创造性思维在当代已成为多学科综合研究的对象,实质上它是与整个认知过程相关的重要环节之一。苏联研究创造性思维的新趋势包括:研究个体交往和相互作用条件下(合作、冲突、控制)的思维;研究集体气氛下的创造性思维;个体的创造性与集体相互作用的关系;个体之间的协调性与集体创造效率的关系等等。本文着重介绍以下两个方面:     

具有创造成就的科学家关于创造的概念结构

运用Q分类及多尺度分析方法,研究具有创造成就的科学家关于创造成就的概念结构。被试是30名来自物理、化学、数学、地学和生命科学领域的具有创造成就的科学家。研究发现,具有创造成就的科学家关于创造成就的概念结构由“成就取向/内心体验取向”、“主动进取/踏实肯干”两个维度构成;取得科学创造成就的重要特征是“成就取向”和“主动进取”。作者进一步讨论了主动进取对于取得创造性成就的意义     

创造性科学问题提出材料的编制及效度研究

本研究通过对收集的科学发明创造实例进行整理,测量,访谈,再测量,建立拥有多项指标的创造性科学问题提出材料库,以期为研究创造性科学问题提出提供有效的测试工具。在材料库的建立过程中,对问题提出中的原型启发效应进行了探讨,结果表明,原型对创造性问题提出具有稳定的启发效应,并且这种启发效应在具有理科背景的个体上有更明显的效果。此外,创造性科学问题提出分数不仅与创造性成就倾向显著相关,且在企业环境中也显示出了对于不同创造力群体的有效鉴别     

投稿须知

《法音》杂志为中国佛教协会会刊,是集佛教教务、佛学研究、佛教文化艺术和佛教知识、信息于一体的综合性佛教刊物,观点权威,信息量大,是中国人文和社会科学核心期刊。主要栏目有:法音论坛、专题访谈、佛典导     

2013年《法音》月刊征订启事

《法音》杂志为中国佛教协会会刊,是集佛教教务、佛学研究、佛教文化艺术和佛教知识、信息于一体的综合性佛教刊物,观点权威,信息量大,是中国人文和社会科学核心期刊。自1981年创刊以来,一直受到国内外佛教界及社会各界的好评,被视为了解中国佛教发展状况、佛教学术研究动态的良师益友。主要栏目有:法音论坛、专题访谈、佛典导读、修证指要、佛门人物、和谐寺院、佛教文史、胜迹巡礼、佛教艺术、政策法规、藏传佛教、南传佛     

浅析明代文人画家文徵明的书画教育背景

作为中国明代中叶文人阶层中的代表性人物,文徵明的出现绝非偶然,而是与他的成长教育经历有着十分重要的关联。在家庭氛围中,父辈们的成就以及家庭中众多的书画收藏,潜移默化地影响着文徵明。先辈老师们,沈周、赵孟、吴宽等对文徵明的绘画、书法、诗文有着技巧性的指导,他们更是其人格模范的效仿对象。与朋辈友人,文徵明广交朋友,相互切磋,相互欣赏。基于对文徵明家族及社会关系的梳理,分析其从小所受的传统家族式教育以及家族的社会属性对其艺术成长道路所带来的影响。     

2016年度《法音》杂志征订启事

<正>《法音》杂志为中国佛教协会会刊,是集佛教教务、佛学研究、佛教文化艺术和佛教知识、信息于一体的综合性佛教刊物,观点权威,信息量大,是中国人文和社会科学核心期刊。自1981年创刊以来,一直受到国内外佛教界及社会各界的好评,被视为了解中国佛教发展状况、佛教文化和佛教学术研究动态的良师益友。本刊主要栏目有:法音论坛、专题访谈、佛典导读、修证指要、佛门人物、和谐寺院、佛教文史、     

Pigeons' preference for free choice: number of keys versus key area.

In concurrent-chains schedules, pigeons prefer terminal links that provide two keys correlated with reinforcers (free choice) over those that provide only one key (forced choice), terminal-link reinforcement rates being equal. With same-size keys, free choice provides a larger area available for pecking. Preferences were examined using terminal links that differed in key number only (one or two) or key size only (small and medium or medium and large), or that equated the area of the two free-choice keys with that of the forced-choice key. Medium (standard) keys were typically preferred to small keys, but indifference was typically obtained between medium and large keys. The size preference usually overrode free-choice preference with one medium key pitted against two small keys, but free-choice preference was reliably observed with one large key pitted against two medium keys. In other words, preferences were a joint function of key number and key area, implying that free-choice preference is not reducible to preference for larger key areas. Free-choice preference requires separate keys rather than larger areas; the relevant behavioral units are the discriminated operants correlated with each terminal-link key rather than classes defined by topographical features such as area or perimeter.     

Autoshaped responding: A baseline for studying stimulus preference

In an autoshaping procedure with pigeons, trials consisted of the illumination of two keys, each with a different color, and then a response-independent feeder operation. Over successive conditions, all key-color pairs were arranged from the set of amber, red, green, and blue lamps. During sessions with a given pair, the left-right configuration of the colors varied irregularly, and the two colors alternated in illuminating the feeder. With one red and one green key, for example, red appeared sometimes on the left and sometimes on the right, and the feeder was alternately lit red or green on successive trials. Both total pecks and proportion of trials with at least one peck on a key of a given color were generally greater for red and amber than for green and blue, and relations among preferences were generally transitive across different color pairs. Repeating the procedure with decreased red and amber intensities and increased green and blue intensities reduced red and amber pecking relative to green and blue pecking, implying that differences in responding were determined more strongly by intensive than by chromatic properties of the stimuli.     

Examining the discriminative and strengthening effects of reinforcers in concurrent schedules

Reinforcers may increase operant responding via a response-strengthening mechanism whereby the probability of the preceding response increases, or via some discriminative process whereby the response more likely to provide subsequent reinforcement becomes, itself, more likely. We tested these two accounts. Six pigeons responded for food reinforcers in a two-alternative switching-key concurrent schedule. Within a session, equal numbers of reinforcers were arranged for responses to each alternative. Those reinforcers strictly alternated between the two alternatives in half the conditions, and were randomly allocated to the alternatives in half the conditions. We also varied, across conditions, the alternative that became available immediately after a reinforcer. Preference after a single reinforcer always favored the immediately available alternative, regardless of the local probability of a reinforcer on that alternative (0 or 1 in the strictly alternating conditions, .5 in the random conditions). Choice then reflected the local reinforcer probabilities, suggesting some discriminative properties of reinforcement. At a more extended level, successive same-alternative reinforcers from an alternative systematically shifted preference towards that alternative, regardless of which alternative was available immediately after a reinforcer. There was no similar shift when successive reinforcers came from alternating sources. These more temporally extended results may suggest a strengthening function of reinforcement, or an enhanced ability to respond appropriately to "win-stay" contingencies over "win-shift" contingencies.     

Symmetry and transitivity of conditional relations in monkeys (Cebus apella) and pigeons (Columba livia)

In Experiment 1 six monkeys were tested with discriminative relations that were backward relative to their training in a 0-second conditional (“symbolic”) matching procedure. Although there was some indication of backward associations, the evidence was generally weak, and statistical evaluations did not reach conventional significance levels. Unlike children, who show backward associations to the point of symmetry, monkeys and pigeons display at best only weak and transient backward associations. In Experiment 2 associative transitivity was assessed across two sets of conditional matching tasks. All four monkeys tested demonstrated strong transitivity. In contrast, in Experiment 3 there was no evidence of transitivity in three pigeons tested under conditions closely comparable to those of Experiment 2. These results may identify some key features of interspecies differences and contribute to analyses of serial learning in animals.     

Design and evaluation of a touchscreen apparatus for operant research with pigeons

We developed a touchscreen apparatus for pigeons and conducted a series of experiments that assessed its utility for free-operant procedures. The apparatus incorporated an on-board Windows computer, an electromechanical interface, an amplified speaker, and the touchscreen. We found that merely projecting a virtual key on the screen was insufficient; too many pecks missed the key. Adding a visual target in the center of the key and providing visual feedback for on-key pecks both failed to improve response accuracy. Accuracy was improved by imposing a timeout after off-key pecks or providing a physical boundary around the key. With the physical boundary, response accuracy was comparable to that obtained with conventional plastic keys, and response acquisition via autoshaping also was comparable. Mixing the color elements of the screen's pixels produced color stimuli, but the colors did not function as pure wavelengths of light in tests of stimulus generalization. Both colors and geometric shapes functioned as discriminative stimuli in multiple schedules with variable-interval and extinction components or rich and lean fixed-ratio components. In general, our touchscreen apparatus is a viable alternative to conventional pigeon chambers and increases the experimenter's options for visual stimuli, auditory stimuli, and the number and location of response keys.     

Divided stimulus control: Which key did you peck,or what color was it?

Responding on concurrent schedules produced a conditional discrimination (Phases 1 and 2), asking either which peck produced the event, or which color the keys were when the event was produced. In Phases 3 and 4, reinforcer delivery or a delay in blackout was interpolated between responding and the conditional discrimination. In Phase 1, location versus color discrimination accuracy was controlled by the relative reinforcer frequency for correct responses to these questions (divided stimulus control). In Phases 2 to 4, relative reinforcer frequency for correct responses to these questions was .5, and the relative frequency with which concurrent‐schedule responses produced the questions was varied. This variation had no clear effect on the accuracy of reporting Location or Color. These results are consistent with the model of divided control suggested by Davison and Elliffe (2010). Arranging a 3‐s reinforcer between responding and choice decreased both color and location accuracy, but a 3‐s delay only decreased location accuracy. Thus, in concurrent‐schedule performance, both ambient stimuli prior to a reinforcer and the location of the just‐reinforced response are available as discriminative stimuli following the reinforcer. Control of postreinforcer responding is divided between these according to their association with the relative frequency of subsequent reinforcers.     

Job Insecurity Spillover to Key Account Management: Negative Effects on Performance,Effectiveness, Adaptiveness,and Esprit De Corps

Most of the existing research on outcomes of job insecurity has identified individual-level burdens such as reduced attitudinal attachments toward work and well being. Far fewer studies have examined work-related outcomes that are of substantial concern to organizational success. In this paper, we investigated four new work-related outcomes of job insecurity that are part of the literature on key account management (KAM): customer performance, effectiveness with customers, adaptiveness to changing competitive conditions, and esprit de corps. A total of 353 U.S. based employees participated. The findings of this research suggest that job insecure workers perceive their organizations to be ineffective in delivering on all four KAM outcomes.     

愿景式领导的关键特征研究

本研究调查了企业管理人员对愿景式领导关键特征的不同认识。对调查结果进行的因素分析表明,受调查者主要强调的是以下六个因素：分析决断、学习总结、机会意识、战略前瞻、勤奋务实和关注现实。他们在判断这些因素时存在性别差异。     

核心价值体系:社会资本的支撑性要素

从伦理学的角度看,社会资本是一种以社会交往为载体,通过信任规范机制以及成型化关系网络产生社会信任进而配置社会资源的社会活动方式,它既包括社会个体的行为方式,更折射社会整体的价值体系。社会资本生存并服务于人类的社会关系和交往活动。社会交往自身特质和社会资本匮乏使得核心价值体系构成了社会资本的支撑性要素和价值基础,指导着社会资本的合理发展。把核心价值体系纳入社会资本建设体系有助于社会资本的积聚和核心价值体系功效的发挥。核心价值体系作为社会资本的支撑性要素,有助于整合人们的认知、情感、意志和行为,有助于达成共识、减少纷争、扩大交流、增进互信与和谐。形成合理融洽的社会资本结构体系和良性互动的社会运行机制。