The National Commission on AIDS

A decade after the first cases were recognized in the United States, AIDS continues to vex policymakers and fascinate the public. It has been said that AIDS acts as a prism, refracting a spectrum of controversial topics. For bioethicists, these topics include: equity in the allocation of resources for treatment and research; forgoing life-sustaining care and proxy decision making; informed consent in the context of HIV testing and screening; the ethical duties of health care workers to provide care for persons with HIV disease; and competing obligations of health care professionals to patients and to third parties who may be put at risk.     

关注儿童艾滋病和艾滋孤儿

目前,我国艾滋病处于快速增长期,儿童艾滋病患者增长较快,艾滋孤儿亦逐渐增多.儿童艾滋病以母婴传播为主要途径,所以切断母婴垂直传播是遏制艾滋病向儿童传播的有效方法,应采取药物治疗、产科干预和人工喂养等综合措施.同时高度重视艾滋孤儿问题,采取措施预防出现下一代的艾滋孤儿,整个社会包括政府要加大对这些儿童的支持和关爱.     

Representing AIDS

AIDS has contributed to changes in how our society constructs its image of death. In the early 1980s Philippe Ariès argued that death and the symbols surrounding it had been “relegated to the secret, private space of the home or the hospital.” With the coming of AIDS, death demands its place in the public mind - and eye. Many artists have devoted their talents to making AIDS visible. In doing so, they have resurrected many questions about sexuality and mortality. This paper discusses several examples of current AIDS art and places them in a wider cultural and historical context.     

人权视野下的艾滋病问题研究

艾滋病是一种传播性疾病 ,但从传播途径上看艾滋病不同于偶然间 (casually)传播性疾病 ,适用于偶然间传播疾病的公共卫生策略和规范不应不恰当地应用于艾滋病的防治。艾滋病是一种“行为病” ,艾滋病防治应更多地关注“高危行为” ,而非“高危人群” ,对HIV感染者和病人的支持和干预应注重其行为改变。艾滋病存在“窗口期 (window period)” ,对艾滋病检测结果的评估必须考虑“窗口期”。艾滋病的平均潜伏期较长 ,HIV感染者仍可能长时间地成为社会的生产力。在现阶段 ,HIV感染者和艾滋病病人会面临巨大的心理、社会压力 ,对HIV感染者和…     

艾滋病科研设计的伦理思考

艾滋病严重地影响着人类的健康及生活质量,艾滋病相关因素的研究迫在眉睫,其科研中包含着一系列的伦理问题,如艾滋病患者的依从性问题,艾滋病患者进行试验研究的双盲、随机、对照等原则问题及艾滋病患者科研相关质量问题.要深刻地理解和认识这些伦理问题,在艾滋病科研设计中注意理解和尊重受试者,制定出有效而合乎伦理的科研政策,加强交流,从而得到艾滋病患者和家属以及社会的认同,以有利于在不同范围内进行科研合作.     

国内艾滋病问题的研究现状评析

通过时在"中国知网"检索结果的分析发现,在中国学界流行病学或医学掌握艾滋病问题研究的主流话语权,人文社会科学界对这一问题的研究相对较少,而且正从伦理学视角向社会学视角转变.出于艾滋病防治的迫切需要,学者更多地关注"行为干预"的理论与模式探讨,应用性研究较多而理论研究薄弱.     

Communication and consistency: AIDS talk and AIDS attitudes

The main hypothesis tested in this study is that the frequency of talk about a particular domain is related to the consistency of attitudes in that domain. This hypothesis was developed by viewing talk as one of the ways in which people express their identities and by exploring the interpersonal processes involved in the construction of consistency. The hypothesis was tested with a questionnaire completed by 73 students at Oxford University. The first part of the questionnaire consisted of items related to attitude, and the second part contained questions about respondents' conversations about AIDS and related topics. Strong support was found for the hypothesis relating frequency of talk with consistency of attitudes. Data about who the respondents talked to about AIDS and the perceived agreement between them and their discussion partners demonstrated the homogeneity of the discussion environment. The implications for understanding attitude formation and change in everyday social contexts are considered.     

预防艾滋病与善待艾滋病患者

艾滋病是由人类免疫缺陷病毒引起的传染病 ,即获得性免疫缺陷综合征。艾滋病是一种目前尚无有效治愈办法、病死率极高的恶性传染病 ,它在世界的广泛流行已成为严重的公共卫生问题和经济问题、社会问题。1　艾滋病在超速蔓延自 1 981年美国在世界上发现首例艾滋病后 ,艾滋病迅速在世界各地蔓延。现艾滋病已蔓延到五大洲 ,3 0 0多个国家和地区 ,席卷全球每一个角落 ,被称为人类历史上第一个全球流行病。世界卫生组织和联合国艾滋病联合规划署近期在日内瓦发布的《2 0 0 1年艾滋病状况》报告指出 ,2 0 0 1年全世界共有5 0 0万人感染上艾滋病。…     

Reading About AIDS and Cognitive Coping Style: Their Effects on Fear of AIDS and Homophobia

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of reading about AIDS on fear of AIDS, knowledge of AIDS, and homophobia. Introductory psychology students read one of three magazine articles: one stressing the low likelihood of contracting AIDS through casual contact (reassuring article), one stressing the high likelihood of contracting AIDS through casual contact (alarming article), or a control article that did not mention AIDS. Compared to the control group, subjects who read the reassuring article were lower in fear of AIDS, whereas subjects who read the alarming article were higher; the articles had no effect on knowledge of AIDS or homophobia. In addition, subjects were classified on the basis of their cognitive coping style (high vs. low monitors) and sex. High monitors tended to be more fearful of AIDS but were neither better informed about AIDS nor more homophobic than low monitors. Men were more fearful of AIDS and more homophobic than women.     

AIDS as Threat,AIDS as Stigma correlates of AIDS beliefs among the Dutch general public

Abstract

The central question of this article is whether findings about social and cultural correlates of preventive and public attitudes towards AIDS that were found in other western countries are also valid for the Netherlands. Answering this question contributes to the international accumulation of empirical knowledge about attitudes of the general public and might as well be relevant for the international transfer of knowledge about the public into assumptions of information campaigns. Eight hypotheses derived from international literature were tested on data of the 1987 module of “Cultural changes in the Netherlands,” a general opinion survey of the Dutch population (16-80 years old). In line with international research, younger age and more education are correlated with preventive knowledge and social acceptance; however sex and urbanization do not make a difference in the Netherlands As expected, a negative attitude towards homosexuals is related to a lack of acceptance of people suffering from AIDS, support for mandatory screening for HIV, as well as a lack of preventive knowledge. Also in accordance with earlier research, “authoritarian attitudes” are far more important in explaining the public attitudes than beliefs about AIDS as an individual threat.     

Effects of HIV/AIDS Information on Attitudes Toward AIDS: A Cross-Ethnic Comparison of College Students

College students (N = 274) from five ethnic groups were administered an AIDS information questionnaire and the Attitudes Toward AIDS Scale (ATAS; Goh, in press) to determine the effects of AIDS information on attitudes toward AIDS. A series of chi-squares and multivariate analyses of variance indicated significant differences among ethnic groups on the usage of HIV/AIDS information, the self-reported degree of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, measured knowledge about HIV/AIDS, and HIV/AIDS-related attitudes. Besides ethnicity, access to HIV/AIDS information and self-reported degree of knowledge about AIDS had significant effects on a person's measured knowledge of and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS.     

A contextual approach to research on AIDS prevention

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease that is transmitted almost entirely through behavioral factors. In the absence of a cure or vaccine, the modification of AIDS-risk behavior presents a unique challenge to behavioral scientists and should be taken as a clear imperative by behavior analysts. This paper discusses the currently dominant social-cognitive theories (the health belief model, the theory of reasoned action, and self-efficacy theory) that have been widely used to predict and understand AIDS-risk behavior. Although these theories have generated a voluminous literature on the cognitive, attitudinal, and demographic correlates of AIDS-risk behavior, they have not resulted in specific intervention strategies to influence risky behavior, most likely because they fail to specify manipulable variables. As an alternative to social-cognitive theories, this paper evaluates the usefulness of a behavior-analytic approach to stem the spread of HIV infection. It examines some of the philosophical differences underlying cognitive and behavioral approaches that are embedded in mechanistic versus functional contextualistic principles. It explores the theoretical and practical implications of adopting either predicting and explaining behavior or predicting and influencing behavior as the goals of science. To illustrate the value of adopting the goal of prediction and influence, behavior-analytic research on the social context of risky sexual behavior in adolescents is described. The paper argues that in order to alter the future course of the AIDS epidemic, the behavioral sciences must move beyond describing cognitive and attitudinal correlates of risky behavior and focus on the social context of the behavior of individuals. In addition, population-wide changes in AIDS-risk behavior can be accomplished only if research focuses on how to influence larger social systems, including the media, school systems, and community organizations.