课业负担对学校生活满意度的影响:学校氛围的多水平调节作用

课业负担对学校生活满意度有重要影响,但是学校氛围对课业负担的多水平调节作用少有研究涉及。在发展系统理论的基本框架下,本研究构建了一个多水平的调节模型,同时考察学校氛围中不同水平的变量对学生学校生活满意度的影响及其作用机制。以20155名五、八年级学生为研究对象,本研究采用学生知觉的师生关系及校长知觉的学生士气、教师士气、学生消极行为、教师负面状态来考察学生和校长对学校氛围的评价。多水平模型分析发现:(1)在控制了年级、性别、城乡后,课业负担对学校生活满意度仍有显著的消极影响;(2)课业负担对学校生活满意度的负向影响,随学生知觉的师生关系和校长知觉的学生士气的变好而减弱。研究结果有利于从发展系统理论及相互作用的视角理解学校氛围的作用,"减负"不仅要确实减少学生的课业负担,也要重视学校中其他环境变量的综合影响。     

Selective inactivation of adenosine A(2A) receptors in striatal neurons enhances working memory and reversal learning

The adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) is highly enriched in the striatum where it is uniquely positioned to integrate dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and other signals to modulate cognition. Although previous studies support the hypothesis that A(2A)R inactivation can be pro-cognitive, analyses of A(2A)R's effects on cognitive functions have been restricted to a small subset of cognitive domains. Furthermore, the relative contribution of A(2A)Rs in distinct brain regions remains largely unknown. Here, we studied the regulation of multiple memory processes by brain region-specific populations of A(2A)Rs. Specifically, we evaluated the cognitive impacts of conditional A(2A)R deletion restricted to either the entire forebrain (i.e., cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, fb-A(2A)R KO) or to striatum alone (st-A(2A)R KO) in recognition memory, working memory, reference memory, and reversal learning. This comprehensive, comparative analysis showed for the first time that depletion of A(2A)R-dependent signaling in either the entire forebrain or striatum alone is associated with two specific phenotypes indicative of cognitive flexibility-enhanced working memory and enhanced reversal learning. These selective pro-cognitive phenotypes seemed largely attributed to inactivation of striatal A(2A)Rs as they were captured by A(2A)R deletion restricted to striatal neurons. Neither spatial reference memory acquisition nor spatial recognition memory were grossly affected, and no evidence for compensatory changes in striatal or cortical D(1), D(2), or A(1) receptor expression was found. This study provides the first direct demonstration that targeting striatal A(2A)Rs may be an effective, novel strategy to facilitate cognitive flexibility under normal and pathologic conditions.     

小学生写作元认知的问卷编制

该研究采用分层随机抽样的方法,对小学四五六年级学生的写作元认知情况进行了调查,然后利用因素分析的方法,根据心理测量学的原理自行编制了一套小学生写作元认知问卷。因素分析的结果表明,小学生写作元认知包括三个大的因素:写作元认知监控和体验、写作元认知知识和策略以及写作元认知评估。     

初中教师教学有效性评价问卷的编制:以学生为评价主体的视角

在教学有效性的框架下,从学生评价的视角,编制了《初中生评价教师教学有效性问卷》。首先,在理论研究的基础上,通过项目的收集,结构化问卷调查,项目的重要性分析三个过程形成初测问卷。然后,进行初测问卷的施测,通过区分度分析和验证性因素分析删除项目,最终形成《初中生评价教师课堂教学效果问卷》的正式问卷。最后,对所编制的问卷的心理测量学指标进行了检验,结果表明该问卷具有良好的结构效度、交叉效度和较高的内部一致性信度。     

高中生认知方式特点及其与学绩关系的研究

采用认知方式图形测验,对94名普通高中生进行实验研究,探讨了当前普通高中生认知方式特点及其与学绩的关系。结果表明：随着年级的增高,高中生的场独立性增强。高中生的认知方式场依存性、场独立性与学习成绩的相关不显著。在初中毕业刚进入高中,学生的认知方式存在显著的性别差异,但随着年级增长、个体成熟,这种差异逐渐缩小。文理分科对高中生的认知方式发展没有明显的影响。     

工作记忆、加工速度和推理能力对小学儿童策略适应性的影响

研究选取89名小学三~五年级学生,探讨工作记忆、加工速度、推理能力以及年龄对小学儿童策略适应性的影响。通过路径分析发现:(1)工作记忆和推理能力对策略适应性有直接效应;工作记忆通过推理能力对策略适应性产生间接效应;加工速度通过"加工速度→工作记忆→策略适应性"和"加工速度→工作记忆→推理能力→策略适应性"两条路径对策略适应性起间接作用;在三个因素中,工作记忆对策略适应性的总效应最大,而推理能力对策略适应性的直接效应最大。(2)年龄对加工速度和推理能力有直接效应,但对工作记忆的效应不显著;年龄对策略适应性不产生直接效应,年龄通过"年龄→加工速度→工作记忆→策略适应性"、"年龄→加工速度→工作记忆→推理能力→策略适应性"和"年龄→推理能力→策略适应性"三条路径对策略适应性产生间接影响。     

Examining the effects of frustration on working memory capacity

The present study attempts to expand our understanding of frustration, clinical symptoms, and working memory by examining the unique contribution of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and frustration to working memory capacity (WMC). A factor-analytic framework was utilized to isolate and examine WMC based on results from three working memory tasks that were administered in counterbalanced order to control for individual differences in baseline WMC. All participants provided subjective ratings of frustration both prior to and after administration of a frustration induction. Results suggest that although we were able to systematically induce subjective frustration for participants in the experimental group relative to the control group, WMC was not associated with induced frustration in the present study. Results also indicated that inattention symptoms predicted baseline frustration levels. This work highlights the need to examine the extent to which storage/rehearsal WMC and additional process-oriented working memory-related performance variables are related to frustration. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.     

Their home is their castle: learning to do in-home family therapy.

The client's home is emerging as a typical site in which family therapy is delivered, yet training programs tend to train students in an office-based model. This qualitative study examines the process that three student interns went through as they learned to do home-based therapy after having been trained in a clinic setting. All three found that the experience of working in the clients' homes challenged their beliefs about therapy as well as the models of a professional relationship; all reformulated their views on therapy because of this challenge. A model is proposed that describes the students' journey from being a clinic-based to becoming a home-based therapist.     

Working memory deficits in transgenic rats overexpressing human adenosine A2A receptors in the brain

Adenosine receptors in the central nervous system have been implicated in the modulation of different behavioural patterns and cognitive functions although the specific role of A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) subtype in learning and memory is still unclear. In the present work we establish a novel transgenic rat strain, TGR(NSEhA2A), overexpressing adenosine A(2A)Rs mainly in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampal formation, and the cerebellum. Thereafter, we explore the relevance of this A(2A)Rs overexpression for learning and memory function. Animals were behaviourally assessed in several learning and memory tasks (6-arms radial tunnel maze, T-maze, object recognition, and several Morris water maze paradigms) and other tests for spontaneous motor activity (open field, hexagonal tunnel maze) and anxiety (plus maze) as modification of these behaviours may interfere with the assessment of cognitive function. Neither motor performance and emotional/anxious-like behaviours were altered by overexpression of A(2A)Rs. TGR(NSEhA2A) showed normal hippocampal-dependent learning of spatial reference memory. However, they presented working memory deficits as detected by performance of constant errors in the blind arms of the 6 arm radial tunnel maze, reduced recognition of a novel object and a lack of learning improvement over four trials on the same day which was not observed over consecutive days in a repeated acquisition paradigm in the Morris water maze. Given the interdependence between adenosinic and dopaminergic function, the present results render the novel TGR(NSEhA2A) as a putative animal model for the working memory deficits and cognitive disruptions related to overstimulation of cortical A(2A)Rs or to dopaminergic prefrontal dysfunction as seen in schizophrenic or Parkinson's disease patients.     

环境条件和兴趣对大学生妥协决策的影响

研究旨在考察个体在选择职业时是否会为了更好的环境条件(组织、城市)而降低对兴趣的要求。对63名大学生被试开展了两个实验,采用在环境条件和兴趣水平上有不同程度差异的职位配对来模拟两难决策。结果发现:(1)对不同组织声望和兴趣水平的职位的选择无性别差异;(2)组织声望差距、组织声望差距与兴趣差距的交互作用能显著预测职位的选择;(3)对不同城市级别和兴趣水平的职位的选择有性别差异,男生比女生更少放弃兴趣;(4)兴趣差距、城市级别差距与兴趣差距的交互作用能预测男生的选择,只有兴趣差距能预测女生的选择。结论:个体会为了更好的环境而或多或少在兴趣方面妥协。     

The length of teacher contacts and students' off-task behavior

This study investigated the relationship between a teacher's contact durations and the off-task behavior of students not in contact with the teacher. Contact durations were defined as the amount of time the teacher spent working individually with each student. Off-task behavior was recorded for six third-graders who comprised a small instructional group in mathematics. After baseline established that contact durations averaged approximately 38 sec, the teacher was instructed to hold contacts for at least 50 sec. During this phase, the students' off-task behavior increased. The teacher was then instructed to hold contacts for only 20 sec. During this phase, the students' off-task behavior decreased.     

Computerized hypertextual strategy and personal construction of meaning

The aim of this study is to provide information about the effects of strategic training in the area of social sciences (1) on the real level, as well as perceived competence in terms of the students' skills to select, organise and produce information; and (2) on their attitude and motivation towards working in this area of the curriculum. 107 students took part in this study, 57 of whom were the control group and 50 the experimental one. They were all enrolled in the third year of secondary school (9th year). The teachers and students who took part in this experience followed an on-line course to manage the strategy for approximately three months. Subsequently, the teacher introduced the tool in class, applying it both from a conceptual and a procedural point of view. The results show that the strategic training implemented in this study greatly improved written understanding procedures (both literal and inferential), increased perceived competence to manage internal information (selection, organization, and elaboration), and generated positive changes in terms of students' attitude and motivation towards working in the area of social sciences.     

中学生问题行为多视角评估的构想效度

本文以多质多法和验证性因素分析的方法对由中学生问题行为三视角评估(自我评定、教师评定和家长评定)构成的数据模型进行了构想效度的研究。研究样本为分层随机抽取的北京市292名中学生,对其三视角问题行为的施测结果进行了会聚效度和区分效度的分析,结果表明:(1)中学生问题行为三视角六因子的MTMM模型构想效度良好;(2)评定者对问题行为的评估有影响,存在评定者效应,而且评定者效应对内倾问题因子比对外倾问题因子影响大。     

Students' performance in accounting: differential effect of field dependence-independence as a learning style

This study examined the differential moderating effects associated with field dependence-independence and perceptions of stress on students' performance after controlling for SAT Mathematics and Verbal scores as well as students' actual effort on homework. The average performance of 178 third-year accounting majors over three examinations was used to evaluate their understanding of financial accounting. The students also took the Group Embedded Figures Test. While the data indicate that the most significant variables were students' effort, SAT Verbal scores, and their perceptions of stress, these variables were differentially associated with students' performance depending upon whether the student was classified as a field-independent or field-dependent learner.     

Perceived corporate ethical values and individual cynicism of working students

This study explored a proposed relationship between the corporate ethical values and cynicism of 195 working students. Analysis indicated students' perceived ethical values were negatively related to individual cynicism after accounting for several variables.     

大学生职业成熟度研究述评

大学生处于职业发展的一个特殊阶段,职业成熟度是评价大学生职业心理发展水平的一把标尺。大学生职业成熟度理论基础主要有Super的职业终身发展观、Crites的职业成熟理论、Westbrook的认知职业成熟观和国内大学生职业成熟度七维模型。当前大学生职业成熟度已在人口学变量上进行了广泛的研究,今后的研究去向将更进一步呈现本土化趋势,采用质的研究和量的研究相结合的方法,就大学生职业成熟度与个体的认知、人格和情绪关系展开讨论。     

University students' Internet attitudes and Internet self-efficacy: a study at three universities in Taiwan.

This study was conducted to explore university students' attitudes and self-efficacy toward the Internet. Moreover, the relationships between their attitudes and self-efficacy toward the Internet were also investigated. The sample of this study included 1,313 students, coming from three universities in Taiwan. It was found that male students expressed significantly more positive attitudes than females on their "perceived control" of the Internet. The male students also revealed better Internet self-efficacy than their female counterparts. Moreover, students having more on-line hours per week, in general, displayed more positive Internet attitudes and Internet self-efficacy. In addition, students' grade level also played an important role in their Internet attitudes; graduate students tended to possess more positive Internet attitudes. More importantly, students' Internet attitudes were highly correlated with their Internet self-efficacy. The results in this study seemed to reveal that students' attitudes toward the Internet could be viewed as one of the important indicators for predicting their Internet self-efficacy. It is also suggested that some training programs or courses may be helpful in improving university students' attitudes and self-efficacy toward the Internet.     

Facets of the Dance

Summary

This paper explores five differentiated facets of relationship involved in coupling and couples therapy. These are the person-to-person aspect, the transferentia! aspect, the working alliance, the reparative aspect, and the transpersonal aspect. It is suggested that these five facets tend to be present in most permanent couples relationships in varying degrees and at different times. This integrative framework is offered to assist couple and couples therapists in the assessment, treatment, and growth of mature, loving human relationships.     

Hierarchy and the Meaning of Working

Abstract

This study investigated the meaning of working for subjects from three levels of an organizational hierarchy. Staff members of a high technology manufacturing organization were surveyed using an abridged version of the Meaning of Working Questionnaire. Five central aspects of the ‘meaning of working’ concept were explored using this instrument, namely Work Centrality, Work Role Identification, Valued Working Outcomes, Societal Norms about Working, and Work Goals. Results show a high level of shared perceptions by members of the three hierarchical levels on ‘meaning of working’ variables, a finding which is at odds with past research, which for the most part indicates clear hierarchal effects. Such findings are discussed within the context of the internal processes of the organization as well as in a specific industry-wide framework.     

Processing efficiency theory in children: working memory as a mediator between trait anxiety and academic performance

Working memory skills are positively associated with academic performance. In contrast, high levels of trait anxiety are linked with educational underachievement. Based on Eysenck and Calvo's (1992) processing efficiency theory (PET), the present study investigated whether associations between anxiety and educational achievement were mediated via poor working memory performance. Fifty children aged 11-12 years completed verbal (backwards digit span; tapping the phonological store/central executive) and spatial (Corsi blocks; tapping the visuospatial sketchpad/central executive) working memory tasks. Trait anxiety was measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Academic performance was assessed using school administered tests of reasoning (Cognitive Abilities Test) and attainment (Standard Assessment Tests). The results showed that the association between trait anxiety and academic performance was significantly mediated by verbal working memory for three of the six academic performance measures (math, quantitative and non-verbal reasoning). Spatial working memory did not significantly mediate the relationship between trait anxiety and academic performance. On average verbal working memory accounted for 51% of the association between trait anxiety and academic performance, while spatial working memory only accounted for 9%. The findings indicate that PET is a useful framework to assess the impact of children's anxiety on educational achievement.