一年级学生理解应用题的思维过程及其特点

問題 在小学数学教学中,应用題教学是具有重要意义的。学习应用題既能帮助儿童更好地掌握基本数学概念,培养儿童运用計算技巧解决实际問題的能力,同时也是发展儿童邏輯思維的手段。所以培养儿童解答应用題的能力是小学数学教学中重要的一环。 解答应用題是一种复杂的智力活动。儿童的語文水平、运算技巧虽然对解答应用題有一定的影响,但是解答应用題的先决条件是儿童了解組成題目的数量間的联系及相依关系。在教学中常常发現有些儿童虽然能机械地指出題目中的条件与問題,但不知道問     

小学一年级第二学期学生解答算术应用题产生错误的思维特点

問題 应用題教学对学生参加生产劳动,学习数、理、化,以及培养邏輯推理的思維能力等方面具有重要意义。小学一年級第二学期学生在解答应用題时常发生錯誤,造成錯誤的原因是很多的,但其中相当重要的原因是思維方面的問題。本研究企图在前入关于一年級小学生解答应用題的一般思維过程的研究成果的基础上,进一步探討儿童在解題时产生錯誤的思維特点以及这些特点与教学工作的关系,为应用題的教学实践和进一步研究儿     

国外有关儿童思維发展的一些研究

这个文献綜述重点放在儿童个体思維发展的貭的特点上,特别是学龄儿童从具体思維发展到抽象思維的年龄特点上。前一部分着重介紹常用的几个研究方法以及采用这些方法获得的結果,后一部分集中介紹与具体思維和抽象思維有关的几个問題。一、常用的几个研究方法及其結果(一)分类应用分类方法研究儿童思維一般是要求儿童对熟悉的日常現实物体或人造材料形成概念,同时还要求用言語給所形成的概念下一定义。开始是一些人用分类操作研究成人的病理思維,而将正常不同年龄儿童的結果用来作为对比     

小学生解答复合应用题的思惟活动

問題 学生正确地解答一道复合应用題需完成一系列的思維活动。查明这些活动是什么,它們是怎样連續进行的,对于算术教学实践无疑很有意义。这个問題的解决会給应用題教学方法的制訂提供一个重要依据。 有人曾用实驗証明,解答应用題的过程象解答其他思維課題的过程一样,也是分析和綜合的过程。但是,她們并沒有完全解决这个問題,尚有待进一步的研究。     

复合应用题結构的初步探討

問題学生解答应用題的思維过程受制約于題目的結构。雅魯楚克曾指出:“学生解題依課題的复杂程度和課題的数学結构、依学生的准备性为轉移而出現不同程度的解題过程。所以分析課題的結构特点,是了解学生解題的整个思維过程的一个途径。     

图形交错对感知和思維过程的消极影响(Ⅰ)

問題的来源和調查結果我們在“关于平面几何‘标准图形’教学的消极作用的問題”的研究中,察觉到“标准图形”教学对解变式图形題所产生的消极作用最严重的是在学习几何基本概念部分,但是到了学习三角形及四边形时,就仅仅影响感知过程和思維过程,而很少影响到思維結果。在这个研究的同时,我們还发現綫段間隔或交錯图形对解題的消极影响也是相当严重的。     

論錯誤思維和存在没有同一性

一、思維和存在的同一性=思維和存在符合=正确反映错誤思惟和存在有沒有同一性作为问题提出来討論,原是从討論恩格斯《费尔巴哈与德国古典哲学的終結》讲述哲学根本問題的第二方面“叫做思惟和存在的同一性問題”这个命題附带引发出来的。既是如此,問題从哪里来,就当回到哪里去。即对于思惟、存在、同一性等这些概念,恩格斯在这里是在怎样的意义土使用的,我們也必須依照他原来的意义来使用,来解答我們的問題。这应当是討論問題应有的一般准则。可是,在目前的討論中,有些同志对于这些概念却不是按照恩格斯的明确的規定,而是另作了游离的走了样的不是在同一范圍的意义来使用淙谎灾衫?但很难使人信服。因此,我认     

一年級学生理解应用题的心理分析

解答应用題不仅能帮助学生更好了解四則运算及其各种概念,使之获得运用知識和技能解决实际問題的能力,同时是培养学生思維能力的主要手段。因此,应用題是小学数学教学中的重点。 影响学生解題能力的因素甚多,如語文水平、运算技能、理解能力……等等。据了解,学生解題时最大困难是不善于分析題意,不能針对題目要求选择适当运算方法,有时卽使     

辩证逻辑和形式逻辑中的矛盾范畴

本文的任务,在于試圖考察人类思維中所經常遇到的矛盾的某些类型,闡明它們的本性及其在認識中的作用。在哲学上关于这一問題有兩种观点,形而上学的观点和辯証法的观点,曾經进行过并且現在仍在进行着斗爭。形而上学者認为,矛盾仅存在于思維之中,它們在思維中是不正常的現象,人們应当为“思想的一致性”来和这种現象进行斗爭。而辯証法家則在矛盾及其斗爭中看到了自然界和社会的运动和發展的源泉。只有馬克思主义的辯証法或辯証邏輯,才給矛盾問題作出了真正科学的解釋。列宁在这一問題的     

影响儿童感知算式的两个有关因素的实驗

問題 小学一年級儿童初学算术时,相当普遍地发生減式当加式或加式当減式的錯誤。不克服这一現象不但影响学生正确、迅速的运算,而且使一些习題不能发揮应有的练习作用。 梅欽斯卡娅研究儿童运算的錯誤时,曾經指出这种现象是“运算的定势”,这与“对习題的理解沒有完全分化有关”,与“选择性的”只“感知数而不注意符号”有关。她主要是根据各年級儿童計算各种式題的錯誤而得此結論,但对儿童感知     

THE INTERACTION OF BIASES IN THE EVALUATION OF MANAGERS IN SINGAPORE

In this study, independent samples from the same population responded to three simulated situations in which sex and other independent variables were manipulated. In the first two cases, discriminatory decisions against women managers by male respondents were clearly discerned. However, in the third case where sex as an independent variable interacted with developmental potential, the pattern of evaluative decisions changed. A high-potential female was treated as favourably as a high-potential male while the low-potential male received the lowest selection rate from the male respondents. While the finding is not altogether surprising in a meritocratic society like Singapore, the study points to the need to explore the interactive effects which sex bias may have with other attitudes in a specific social context.     

IN SUPPORT OF PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT IN ORGANIZATIONAL SETTINGS

Personality constructs have been demonstrated to be useful for explaining and predicting attitudes, behaviors, performance, and outcomes in organizational settings. Many professionally developed measures of personality constructs display useful levels of criterion-related validity for job performance and its facets. In this response to Morgeson et al. (2007) , we comprehensively summarize previously published meta-analyses on (a) the optimal and unit-weighted multiple correlations between the Big Five personality dimensions and behaviors in organizations, including job performance; (b) generalizable bivariate relationships of Conscientiousness and its facets (e.g., achievement orientation, dependability, cautiousness) with job performance constructs; (c) the validity of compound personality measures; and (d) the incremental validity of personality measures over cognitive ability. Hundreds of primary studies and dozens of meta-analyses conducted and published since the mid 1980s indicate strong support for using personality measures in staffing decisions. Moreover, there is little evidence that response distortion among job applicants ruins the psychometric properties, including criterion-related validity, of personality measures. We also provide a brief evaluation of the merits of alternatives that have been offered in place of traditional self-report personality measures for organizational decision making. Given the cumulative data, writing off the whole domain of individual differences in personality or all self-report measures of personality from personnel selection and organizational decision making is counterproductive for the science and practice of I-O psychology.     

RELIGION IN AN AGE OF SCIENCE; METAPHYSICS IN AN ERA OF HISTORY

Abstract. Ian Barbour's Religion in an Age of Science is a welcome systematic, theoretical overview of the relations between science and religion, culminating his long career with a balanced and insightful appraisal. The hallmarks of his synthesis are critical realism, holism, and process thought. Barbour makes even more investment in process philosophy and theology than in his previous works. This invites further inquiry about the adequacy of a highly general process metaphysics in dealing with our particular, deeply historical world; also further inquiry about the adequacy of its panexperientialism and incrementalism.     

NOTE OF CAUTION IN THE USE OF CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS IN FACTORIAL STUDIES IN THE CLINICAL DOMAIN

Extreme caution must be observed when correlation coefficients are used in factorial studies in the clinical area. Distortional effects resulting from differences between the levels of test performance are demonstrated on both a correlational and factorial level. Further research to obtain a more suitable statistical index than the correlation coefficient for clinical research is recommended.     

THE RAPE OF MEDUSA IN THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA: ASPECTS OF TRIANGULATION IN THE GIRL2

The relationship between the Greek goddess Athena and her father Zeus, together with the competitive hostility she displays towards other females, is presented as illustrating some previously neglected aspects of triangular developmental conflicts in the little girl. Literature on ‘the Oedipus complex in the female’ is reviewed and discussed. The mythological early histories of both Athena and the female monster Medusa are examined for the light they can shed on female developmental vicissitudes and resultant conflicts in both women and men. Unconscious split representations of women as assertive, phallic and dangerous, or alternatively passive, castrated and receptive result in defensive repudiation of the idea that a woman can be both actively assertive and also feminine and sexual. Athena's enraged action of transforming the beautiful young maiden Medusa into a monster as punishment for the ‘crime’ of having been raped in her temple is discussed as illustrating an outcome of the lack of resolution of the little girl's early triangular conflicts.