敬畏的亲社会效应：小我与真我的作用

敬畏是一种对浩瀚的刺激以及现有心理结构无法适应的刺激的情感反应。大量实证证据显示,敬畏可以促进各种形式的亲社会行为。至于其中的心理机制,小我假说认为,诱发敬畏体验的浩瀚刺激会导致自我的渺小感,推动个体的注意力从自我转移至他人,进而促进了亲社会行为;真我假说则认为,敬畏有助于促进个体的注意力从日常的世俗关注向更大的精神存在转移,激发了个体对其真实自我的追求,进而促进了亲社会行为。小我与真我假说可以在“大二”框架下进行整合,即敬畏在自我的能动维度(真我)和共生维度(小我)上通过两条平行的路径促进亲社会行为的产生。未来研究需要更深入地探讨敬畏的亲社会效应的心理机制,并在此基础上开发出促进捐赠等亲社会行为的干预措施,以期为第三次分配战略的有效实施提供心理学方案。     

道德认同对大学生亲社会行为倾向的影响：共情的中介作用和正念的调节作用

采用道德认同量表、人际反应指针量表、亲社会行为倾向量表和五因素正念度量表对533名大学生进行调查,探讨道德认同对大学生亲社会行为倾向的影响机制。结果表明：（1）道德认同的两个维度—道德认同内化和道德认同符号化均能正向预测大学生亲社会行为倾向;（2）共情在道德认同内化和符号化对大学生亲社会行为倾向的影响过程中起部分中介作用;（3）正念在道德认同内化和符号化通过共情对大学生亲社会行为倾向的影响过程中起调节作用,正念减弱了道德认同符号化对亲社会行为倾向的正向影响,增强了共情对亲社会行为倾向的正向影响。     

亲社会视频游戏接触与青少年亲社会行为的关系：链式中介效应分析

为探讨亲社会视频游戏接触与青少年亲社会行为的关系及其内部机制——共情和道德认同在这一关系之中的中介作用,使用游戏接触经验问卷、人际反应指数量表、青少年道德自我认同问卷和青少年亲社会倾向量表对777名青少年进行调查。结果发现：(1)亲社会视频游戏接触正向预测青少年亲社会行为;(2)共情和道德认同在亲社会视频游戏接触影响青少年亲社会行为的中介作用显著。具体表现为四条中介路径：一是共情的中介作用,二是道德认同的中介作用,三是通过共情和道德认同的中介顺序在亲社会视频游戏接触与亲社会行为之间起链式中介作用,四是通过道德认同和共情的中介顺序在亲社会视频游戏接触与亲社会行为之间起链式中介作用。研究揭示了亲社会视频游戏接触影响青少年亲社会行为的作用机制,为合理引导青少年接触视频游戏和培养其道德情绪、认知及行为发展提供有益指导。     

敬则不逐物——敬畏对炫耀性消费倾向的抑制：小我的中介作用

以往炫耀性消费研究多囿于自尊补偿视角,本文着眼于驱动炫耀性消费动机的自我增强属性,提出敬畏的自我超越属性可以降低个体对自身目标重要性的评估（即提升“小我”水平）,进而降低炫耀性消费倾向。四个研究采用三种炫耀性消费倾向测量方式,通过测量特质敬畏（研究1a）和操纵状态敬畏（研究1b）均验证了敬畏对炫耀性消费倾向的抑制作用。研究2表明敬畏不影响非炫耀性消费倾向。研究3发现“小我”在敬畏与炫耀性消费倾向之间起到了中介作用。     

共情鸿沟的研究综述

共情是人类社会的一种普遍现象,同时也是心理学、社会学等领域中的一个重要研究主题。共情能促使个体产生亲社会行为并维持和谐的社会秩序(Hoffinan,2001),因此对他人准确地共情就显得十分重要。共情鸿沟作为影响共情准确性和情感预测准确性的重要因素,对共情鸿沟影响因素与机制的研究正逐渐成为热点。如何消除共情鸿沟,使个体在评估他人感受时更加准确,从而引发更多的共情与亲社会行为,就显得十分重要。本文依次介绍了共情鸿沟的内涵、共情鸿沟的种类、共情鸿沟的研究方法、共情鸿沟的影响因素与内在机制,最后提出了未来研究展望,希望能为研究者提供一定的借鉴指导。     

催产素对共情反应的影响及其作用机制

催产素是一种亲社会激素, 对人类的共情反应有重要的影响作用, 主要表现为可以促进情绪识别率, 增强对他人不幸的共情关注, 并弱化自身的个体忧伤水平等。从作用机制上来看, 催产素可能是通过促进具身模仿能力, 弱化自我中心主义倾向及调节情感表征过程来影响人类的共情反应的。未来研究可以进一步关注催产素对不同类型共情反应的影响及其催产素影响共情反应的性别差异问题, 并积极将催产素应用于共情缺陷的临床干预中。     

共情对大学生亲社会行为的影响:道德推脱和内疚的多重中介作用

为了探讨道德推脱和内疚在共情与大学生亲社会行为间的多重中介作用。研究采用人际反应指针量表、道德推脱问卷、内疚感问卷和亲社会行为倾向量表对1280名大学生进行测量。结果表明:(1)道德推脱在共情与大学生亲社会行为间起中介作用;(2)内疚在共情与大学生亲社会行为间起中介作用。结论表明:共情可以直接影响亲社会行为,也可以通过道德推脱和内疚间接影响亲社会行为。     

亲社会行为倾向的年龄差异:共情关怀和人际信任的链式中介效应

全球老龄化浪潮正在来临,亲社会行为倾向的年龄差异受到广泛关注。基于第六次世界价值观调查数据集,运用39887个全球成年样本对全球人口亲社会行为倾向的年龄差异进行检验,并探究年龄通过共情关怀和人际信任影响亲社会行为的中介机制。结果表明:全球范围内,年龄显著正向影响亲社会行为倾向,共情关怀不存在显著的年龄差异,人际信任在年龄和亲社会行为倾向之间起显著的中介效应。研究结果对考察亲社会行为倾向的年龄差异及其作用机制具有重要理论价值和实践意义。     

错失恐惧对亲社会行为的影响

网络信息的纷繁复杂,让人们担忧因错失信息而导致自身的利益受损,本研究探讨这种现象的加剧对个体的亲社会行为的影响。本研究分别使用问卷法（研究1）和实验法（研究2）,探究错失恐惧对亲社会行为的影响以及在其过程中人际安全感的中介作用和基本心理需要满足的调节作用。结果发现：（1）个体的错失恐惧程度负向预测了其亲社会行为;（2）人际安全感在错失恐惧对亲社会行为的影响中起中介作用,高的错失恐惧水平会降低个体的人际安全感,从而减少个体的亲社会行为;（3）基本心理需要满足在错失恐惧对亲社会行为的负向预测作用中起调节作用,当个体的基本心理需要满足程度低的时候,错失恐惧对亲社会行为的消极影响显著增强。     

父母教养方式对中职生亲社会行为的影响:两类共情的中介作用

探讨父母教养方式对中职生亲社会行为的影响,分别采用问卷法和实验法检验特质共情与状态共情 在这个影响过程中的中介效应。 结果发现:(1)情感温暖、信任鼓励型的父母教养方式对中职生亲社会行为有正向预测作用; 专制、溺爱型父母教养方式对中职生亲社会行为起负向预测作用。(2)特质共情在情感温暖型、信任鼓励型父母教养方式与中职生亲社会行为之间起部分中介作用。(3)经试验操纵的状态共情的中介效应与特质共情的中介效应同样显著。结论:积极的父母教养方式通过影响中职生的共情进而影响其亲社会行为。     

共情对灾后青少年亲社会行为的影响：感恩、社会支持和创伤后成长的中介作用

以雅安地震极重灾区芦山县的542名中学生为被试, 在地震发生3.5年后, 采用人际反应指数量表测查被试的共情能力, 并在震后4.5年采用感恩问卷、社会关系网络问卷、创伤后成长问卷和亲社会行为问卷测查被试的感恩、社会支持、创伤后成长(posttraumatic growth, PTG)和亲社会行为, 从追踪的视角考察地震后青少年的共情能力对亲社会行为的影响, 并探讨感恩、社会支持和创伤后成长(PTG)在其中的中介作用。结果显示, 共情可直接正向预测亲社会行为; 共情对亲社会行为的预测可分别通过感恩、社会支持和PTG的中介进行; 共情还可以分别通过感恩经社会支持、感恩经PTG、社会支持经PTG、感恩经社会支持再经PTG的链式中介对亲社会行为起到正向预测作用。这一发现提示, 未来的创伤后心理辅导工作应更加关注青少年的积极心理和社会行为的发展。     

Awe’s effects on generosity and helping

It is unclear whether positive emotionality in general, or some specific positive emotions (e.g. other-oriented ones), but not others (e.g. self-oriented and, possibly, stimulus-oriented ones), enhance prosocial thoughts, dispositions, and behavior. We focus here on awe and argue that, although being primarily stimulus-oriented and not necessarily social in its very nature, awe should enhance prosociality for several theoretical reasons. In replicating and extending previous initial research, we found in two online experiments that the induction of awe (video clip or recall), compared to the induction of amusement or a neutral condition, leads to increased prosocial behavioral intentions of generosity (spontaneous sharing of hypothetical gains) and help of a person in need – in hypothetical everyday life situations. Awe’s effect on prosociality was independent from participants’ religiosity (in both experiments) but seemed to be clearer for those in need of such affective stimulation, i.e. less agreeable participants (Experiment 2).     

自我超越价值观对持久幸福感的作用及机制

追求幸福是人类社会永恒的主题。价值观对个体的发展起引导作用, 与幸福感密切相关。认同自我增强价值观, 即关注个人利益, 可以让人体验到波动的幸福感, 表现为短暂快乐和消极情绪的交替循环; 认同自我超越价值观, 即切实关心他人利益和福祉, 则可以让人拥有持久的幸福感, 表现为一种持续的充实、和谐、宁静的状态。就作用机制而言, 认同自我超越价值观的个体可能对自我威胁信息有较少的防御性反应, 体验到更多的社会关系导向的情绪, 激发更多的亲社会行为, 从而获得持久的幸福体验。未来的研究可采用多种方法和手段考察自我超越价值观对持久幸福感的作用, 系统探讨二者之间的其他潜在机制, 并通过开展自我超越价值观教育形成良好的社会心态。     

Links Between Perception of Parental Actions and Prosocial Behavior in Early Adolescence

We analyzed the links between parental styles, practices, and empathy and specific forms of prosocial behaviors in early adolescence. The Argentine scale of perception of relationships with parents for children and young adolescents, prosocial tendencies measure, parenting practices measure, and children’s perception of parental empathy were administered to a sample of 289 middle class children, aged 10–16, of both sexes, from primary and secondary schools in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Correlations and hierarchical regressions were used to examine (1) relationships between parental styles, children’s perception of parental empathy, parental practices, and children’s prosocial behavior, (2) the amount of unique prediction from parental styles, children’s perception of parental empathy, and parental practices to children’s prosocial behavior. Results indicated that different aspects of parental actions (parental styles, practice, and empathy) have a differential relation according to the type of prosocial behavior involved. When taking these three kinds of parental behavior into account, parental styles are related to public and responsive aspects especially through extreme control by the mother. Parental practices, in turn, are related mainly with anonymous and altruistic aspects, but with this latter negatively. Finally, adolescents’ perception of parental empathy explains added variance in all the cases, though to a lesser extent.     

应激环境下亲社会性的增加：来自不同类型的亲社会偏好的研究证据

人们面临对生理或者心理产生威胁的应激事件时并不一定表现出敌意和攻击, 也可能表现出更强的亲社会性。研究发现, 基于利他动机、规则动机、策略性动机的或者基于自我报告的亲社会偏好在应激环境下都可能增强, 这可能和应激环境下直觉增强、共情提升和亲社会行为有助于改善负面情绪方面的机制有关。未来研究可以从应激的性质、诱发方式、影响机制、个体差异和发展特征等方面去理解应激增加亲社会性的条件, 从而提高群体韧性。     

Intellectual humility and prosocial values: Direct and mediated effects

Abstract

Research has established links between humility and prosocial outcomes. This study examined, with self-report data, whether humility with regard to one’s knowledge would be predictive of prosocial values. Consistent with hypotheses, intellectual humility was associated with higher levels of empathy, gratitude, altruism, benevolence, and universalism, and lower levels of power seeking. Analyses supported empathy and gratitude as mediators between intellectual humility and prosocial values. These findings leave open the possibility that intellectual humility may be a precursor to links previously established between empathy and gratitude and prosocial outcomes. Characteristics of intellectual humility such as recognizing one’s cognitive limits, having a non-defensive stance toward one’s beliefs, and respecting others’ viewpoints may put one in a unique position to experience empathy and gratitude, and by extension, a host of prosocial values. Future research would be required to examine whether intellectual humility is a possible point of intervention for promoting positive social interactions.     

Playing prosocial video games increases empathy and decreases schadenfreude

Past research provided abundant evidence that exposure to violent video games increases aggressive tendencies and decreases prosocial tendencies. In contrast, research on the effects of exposure to prosocial video games has been relatively sparse. The present research found support for the hypothesis that exposure to prosocial video games is positively related to prosocial affect and negatively related to antisocial affect. More specifically, two studies revealed that playing a prosocial (relative to a neutral) video game increased interpersonal empathy and decreased reported pleasure at another's misfortune (i.e., schadenfreude). These results lend further credence to the predictive validity of the General Learning Model (Buckley & Anderson, 2006) for the effects of media exposure on social tendencies.     

Personality and context-related factors of helping and helping-related affect during early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 pandemic led to introduction of lockdown measures in many countries, while in Serbia the Government also introduced the curfew by which vulnerable groups of citizens were prohibited from leaving their homes at any time. In such a situation many citizens organized to voluntarily offer their help to those in isolation, which offered a unique opportunity to examine prosocial behavior in the natural setting of global crisis. This study examined the differences between non-helpers and helpers, as well as groups of helpers who provided their help to close or unknown others, in personality (prosocial tendencies, selfishness and communal narcissism) and context-related factors (situation specific empathy and fear) of prosocial behaviors. Additionally, the study also analyzed the helping-related affect among helpers, depending on the recipient of help and personality characteristics. Results revealed that groups of helpers with different recipients of help (close persons, unknown persons or both) were not different among each other, but they were different from non-helpers. Non-helpers were more selfish and had self-focused prosocial tendencies, and they showed less empathy towards people in isolation, compared to helper groups. However, the helping-related affect depended on the recipient of help and helper's personality traits. This study confirmed some previous findings and offered novel insights into factors related to helping in crises.     

外倾性对成人生活满意度的影响：敬畏与自我控制的链式中介效应

为考察外倾性、敬畏、自我控制与生活满意度间的关系,采用问卷法对858名成人进行调查。研究采用偏差校对非参数百分位Bootstrap置信区间法,采用AMOS22.0进行中介效应分析。结果发现：（1）外倾性、敬畏、自我控制与生活满意度之间两两显著正相关;（2）外倾性直接影响生活满意度;（3）外倾性可以分别通过敬畏、敬畏→自我控制两条间接路径对生活满意度产生中介效应。结果表明,成人的敬畏、自我控制在外倾性与生活满意度间具有链式中介效应。     

High cost helping scenario: The role of empathy,prosocial reasoning and moral disengagement on helping behavior

This study aimed to investigate the process that leads people to offer or omit help in response to an explicit request for assistance, taking into account both emotional and cognitive factors. Specifically, a hypothetical scenario methodology was used in a sample of 174 Italian youths (50% males) to examine whether and how factors such as empathy, prosocial moral reasoning and moral disengagement influence the propensity to help when providing assistance is not in the individual’s personal interest. While a few previous studies have included moral disengagement as an antecedent of prosocial decision making, we highlight the significance of this factor in the avoidance of moral responsibility towards others in need. The results highlight two ways in which differences in emotional tendencies and moral-cognitive processes may operate in prosocial decision making in high personal cost situations. First, high empathy levels could promote an altruistic response which in turn fosters mature prosocial moral reasoning. Second, personal distress may enhance moral disengagement mechanisms that may facilitate self-centred behaviors.