新时代青少年价值观及其与社会、学校和心理适应的关系：三个地域的比较

本研究采用问卷调查的方法考察了上海闵行、四川仁寿、甘肃玉门三地共1051名7、9年级青少年,旨在探究在新时代背景下,不同经济和文化发展水平的地域之间,青少年价值观的发展特点及其与适应的关系。结果发现：①除时尚维度外,青少年价值观各维度上均存在显著的地域差异;上进竞争维度存在年级差异,9年级高于7年级;②除时尚和享受快乐维度外,青少年价值观各维度在不同地域间均能正向预测学习成绩、社会能力,负向预测抑郁感;时尚能够负向预测学习成绩,正向预测抑郁感;③青少年价值观某些维度对适应的预测存在显著的地域差异：友情对社会能力的预测,上海、四川高于甘肃;上进竞争对社会能力的预测,四川高于上海、甘肃;上进竞争、时尚对抑郁感的预测,四川、甘肃均高于上海。研究在一定程度上揭示了新时代青少年价值观的发展现状,为理解青少年价值观与健康心理的关系,为引导青少年树立正确的价值观提供了一定的实证依据。     

最后通牒博弈的个体差异和种族文化差异

最后通牒博弈是行为经济学中研究人类公平决策的常见范式之一。在最后通牒博弈中存在系统的个体差异和种族文化差异,其中个体差异还包括年龄差异、性别差异和心理特征差异。对这些差异进行研究,不仅有助于进一步检验和深化公平决策理论,还有益于相关理论的实践应用。未来的研究需要整合有关差异与理论解释、探究差异的神经机制以及改善现有的研究范式。     

中西方文化差异对虚拟人道德责任判断的影响

近年来,社交网络上涌现出大量具有真人特征的虚拟人物,他们以第一人称视角叙事以获得影响力,然而其背后的道德伦理问题也逐渐浮现。当社交媒体虚拟人犯错时,不同文化背景的人们对其道德判断会有何不同？本文基于心智感知理论,通过5个主要实验探索中西方文化差异对虚拟人道德责任判断的影响和机制。研究表明,在被告知虚拟人的不道德行为后,比起西方文化,中国文化影响下的人们认为虚拟人需要承担更大的道德责任;但这种文化差异没有出现在对真人的道德责任判断上(实验1a～1c)。并且不论虚拟人是由真实人类还是人工智能驱动,这种文化差异都会存在(实验1c)。这种文化差异通过感知心智能力来中介(实验2)。具体而言,比起西方文化,中国文化影响下的人们认为虚拟人的心智能力(特别是感知力)更高,因此需要承担更大的道德责任。此外,对虚拟人更大的道德责任判断会导致中国文化(相比西方文化)影响下的人们更倾向于对虚拟人施加道德惩罚(实验3)。本文通过实证研究将道德责任判断和心智感知的对象拓展到虚拟人上,并揭示了中西方文化差异及其后续影响。     

地域文化差异对儿童美术教学的影响

不同的地域孕育了不同的文化,不同的文化对于儿童美术教学的开展具有不同影响和作用。在儿童美术教学中融入相应的地域文化内涵,儿童美术教学的开展才能真正做到有的放矢,才能让儿童在美术的世界中尽情畅游。文章就地域文化差异对儿童美术教学的影响进行分析,并探索融合不同地域文化开展儿童美术教学之路径,希望可以为儿童美术教学的更好推进提供借鉴。     

地域文化对美术创作的影响研究

美术创作不仅仅要揭示相关的艺术审美本质,还需要能够对不同地区的文化进行展示。在文化发展过程中,我国的不同地区、不同民族所形成的独特地域文化,对美术作品的创作产生了深远的影响。从艺术人类学角度进行分析,美术创作中的地域文化对其产生的影响是突出的。围绕地域文化与美术作品创作的关系进行分析,以求通过传承地域文化实现美术创作的新发展和新突破。     

产业转型升级与劳动力供求:基于江苏省及其地域差异的分析

近年来,中国东部经济发达地区相继出现“劳工荒”现象,表明部分地区劳动力供给与需求出现失衡状况,江苏省是我国具有代表性的东部发达省份,研究江苏省劳动力供需状况,对有效引导产业转型升级方向,从而科学解决劳动力问题具有重要借鉴意义.本文采用数学模型测算江苏省及其各区域出现刘易斯拐点的大致时间,推论出江苏省刘易斯拐点的时间并未到来,目前的劳动力短缺是局部和结构性的.在此基础上,实证分析了江苏省不同区域产业结构对劳动力供需的不同影响效应,推论出三次产业对劳动力的吸纳能力超过二次产业;省内各区域二、三次产业对劳动力的吸纳能力与经济发达程度正相关;由于产业转型升级战略并未取得明显成效,苏南地区较高的产业层次并未伴随对劳动力需求的降低.     

理想情感及其影响的跨文化差异

理想情感是人们期望获得的情感状态。情感评估理论认为文化对理想情感的塑造有着重要影响,主要的影响途径有文化体验、文化价值观和社会文化变化。理想情感对个体会产生具有文化特异性的影响,主要会影响个体的偏好及选择行为、混合情绪体验、身心健康和社会认知决策。理想情感研究未来发展可以着眼于4个方向:使用纵向视角研究理想情感,进一步探索理想情感的前因变量,打造适合中国文化的心理健康标准和通过认识理想情感来消除文化隔阂。     

浅谈中西文化差异对跨文化旅游的影响

旅游是一种特殊的跨文化交际活动，由于外来文化和土著文化之间的文化差异，在这种跨文化交际中常常会发生文化冲突。导致跨文化旅游出现文化冲突的因素很多，本文主要从高低文化语境，价值观念，思维方式，宗教文化等方面分析了中西文化差异对跨文化旅游的影响。跨文化旅游的双方都应认识到中西文化的差异，尽量减少文化的冲突。     

地域文化对城市公共艺术设计发展的影响

在人类文明演变的历史进程中,城市一直是社会文明发展的重要代表。环境创造、公共艺术表现、人类对视觉感受追求的高标准都表明了当前地域文化所处的发展阶段。文章主要根据地域文化在城市公共艺术开发中的具体表现和使用情况,说明了城市公共艺术设计对任何地域的人文特点、外在风貌都有深远的影响,地域文化不仅继承了人类发展所积累的文明成果,也在一定程度上优化以及改善了地域公共环境,表现出独有的特点与时代内涵。     

地域特色对油画风景创作的影响分析

近几年,我国的油画风景创作领域取得了明显的发展成效,已经逐渐从模仿西方的创作模式中脱离出来,并逐步形成了我国特有的油画文化。并且,在油画风景创作的过程中,油画创作的风格也逐渐本土化,成为我国油画艺术行业中的新现象。因此,主要分析我国油画风景创作的现状、地域特色文化与油画风景创作之间的关系,探究在油画风景创作中融入地域元素的意义,以期提高我国油画创作的独特性和艺术性。     

Universals and cultural differences in recognizing emotions

Moving beyond the earlier nature-versus-nurture debate, modern work on the communication of emotion has incorporated both universals and cultural differences. Classic research demonstrated that the intended emotions in posed expressions were recognized by members of many different cultural groups at rates better than predicted by random guessing. However, recent research has also documented evidence for an in-group advantage, meaning that people are generally more accurate at judging emotions when the emotions are expressed by members of their own cultural group rather than by members of a different cultural group. These new findings provide initial support for a dialect theory of emotion that has the potential to integrate both classic and recent findings. Further research in this area has the potential to improve cross-cultural communication.     

Cultural Values Underlying Psychometric Cognitive Testing

It is proposed that culture (values, beliefs, styles of behavior) can affect neuropsychological testing.Cognitive testing represents a social situation that-as any social situation, it is one governed by implicit cultural rules. At least eight different culture-dependent values underlie cognitive testing: (1)One-to-one relationship, (2) Background authority, (3) Best performance, (4)Isolated environment (5) Special type of communication, (6) Speed, (7) Internal or subjective issues, and (8) The use of specific testing elements and strategies. In addition, it is proposed that“the distance” (e.g., gender, age, ethnicity) between the examiner and the examinee may potentiallyimpact the testing situation. A special analysis regarding the function of instruction in cognitive tests is also presented emphasizing that test instruction interpretation is also culture-dependent. Some potential avenues of research are finally proposed.     

文化差异视角下个体合作行为的产生、影响机制建构及认知神经基础

合作行为是指个体或群体之间为了实现共同的目标和利益而进行的协同行为或意向。本文基于行为-认知-大脑的三重映射关系,对合作行为的文化差异性进行了深入阐释,并在此基础上构建了文化影响合作行为的社会认知中介模型;未来研究可从实证视角对合作行为文化差异的社会认知内容、认知神经机制等方面进行验证、挖掘和改善。     

Rural-urban differences in generation of Chinese and Western exemplary persons: The case of China

Chinese adolescents in urban cities (Beijing, Chengdu) and rural towns (Wei Shan Zhuang, Zheng Xing) generated Chinese and Western exemplary persons and rated the values these exemplary persons represent. The results showed that the tendency to differentiate Chinese culture from Western culture was greater among urban ( vs rural) Chinese. Specifically, only urban Chinese consistently attributed Chinese moral values (more than other types of values) to self-generated Chinese exemplary persons and Western moral values (more than other types of values) to self-generated Western exemplary persons. Because urban Chinese have more frequent exposure to foreign cultures, our results suggest that frequent exposure to foreign cultures can lead to enhanced perceptions of cultural differences.     

Stigma towards psychosis: Cross‐cultural differences in prejudice,stereotypes, and discrimination in White British and South Asians

Public stigma towards people with mental health problems has been demonstrated in Western societies. Little is known about non‐Western cultures and whether cultures differ in their perceptions of people with mental health problems. Aim of this study was to examine cultural differences in prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination towards people with psychosis. Participants were from White British and South Asian backgrounds (N = 128, aged 16–20 years) recruited from two schools and colleges in the United Kingdom. They completed a cross‐sectional survey on affective, cognitive, and behavioural dimensions of stigma. Results revealed significant cultural differences on all three stigma dimensions. South Asians attributed higher anger (prejudice) and dangerousness (stereotypes) to people with psychosis than White British. They also reported lower willingness to help, greater avoidance, and higher endorsement of segregation (discrimination). The effects of ethnic group on helping intentions, avoidance, and segregation endorsement were mediated by anger and by dangerousness. Understanding cultural differences in stigma towards psychosis will be important for designing stigma interventions as well as treatments for people with different cultural backgrounds.     

Pathways to intercultural accuracy: Social projection processes and core cultural values

The present research examines intercultural accuracy—people's ability to make accurate judgments about outgroup values—and the role of social projection processes. Across four studies, U.S. and British participants showed low overall levels of intercultural accuracy for Chinese students’ individualistic and collectivistic values. In line with recent changes toward individualism in China, we observed different levels of intercultural accuracy, hinging on whether the criterion values of Chinese were assessed before (2001) or after (2015) this shift. Important for the study of social projection, we observed that U.S./British participants projected their values onto the outgroup. Social projection tendency (measured in Study 2 and manipulated in Study 3) was associated with greater intercultural accuracy. The relationship between projection and accuracy also depended on the shifts in individualistic values of Chinese. Important for the study of intergroup relations, accuracy was positively associated with interest in future relationships with the Chinese.     

Cross‐cultural similarities and differences in the theoretical predictors of cyberbullying perpetration: Results from a seven‐country study

The Barlett Gentile cyberbullying model (BGCM) posits that correlated anonymity perceptions and the belief in the irrelevance of muscularity for online bullying (BIMOB) predict positive cyberbullying attitudes to predict subsequent cyberbullying perpetration. Much research has shown the BGCM to be the only published theory that differentiates traditional and cyberbullying while validly predicting cyberbullying. So far, however, the cross‐cultural ubiquity has gone understudied. Thus, 1,592 adult participants across seven countries (USA, Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, Japan, and Singapore) completed measures germane to the BGCM. Supporting the BGCM, the variables were significantly correlated for the entire sample, participants from independent cultures, and participants from interdependent cultures. However, the relationship between BIMOB and positive cyberbullying attitudes as well as the relationship between positive cyberbullying attitudes and cyberbullying perpetration were stronger for independent cultures. These results suggest that the BGCM postulates are mostly universal, but several relations appear to be culturally different. Theoretical implications are discussed.