人际目标认知三视角模型

人际关系对自我管理有着重要的意义。关系对象会影响个体的目标设置和目标追求,个体在日常生活中所追求的目标也会影响其人际关系的进程。Fitzsimons等人提出了人际目标认知三视角模型,强调目标在自我和他人关系中的重要作用。模型主要介绍了目标与重要他人之间的双向复杂关系,并对影响二者关系的调节变量进行了分析。未来研究应该在深入探讨重要他人与目标之间关系的基础上扩大人际关系对象的范围,考察一般他人与目标的关系及其心理机制。     

网络与现实:人际关系的质量差异

研究探讨网络与现实人际关系质量的差异。实验一考察匿名下被试在网络与现实中自我表露水平;实验二考察被试在网络和现实情境中对他人人格品质的评价;实验三使用内隐联想测验探讨被试对网络维持不同亲疏关系的态度。结果:(1)匿名下被试在现实中更多表露自我;(2)被试对现实他人的品质有更积极的评价,同时交友意愿更强;(3)无论亲疏关系,被试对网络维持人际关系持否定态度。结论:现实人际关系质量优于网络人际关系。     

人际感恩:社会交往中重要的积极情绪

人际感恩是指个体由于接受了他人善意提供的具有一定价值的恩惠而诱发的一种愉悦的、心怀感激而意欲报答的认知性情绪。情境评估过程是人际感恩得以产生的关键环节。此外,人际感恩的产生还会受到受惠者自身特点、双方关系特点等因素的影响。情节剧本、真人互动等任务是研究人际感恩的常见范式。另外,人际感恩还具有个体、二元、团体三个层面的功能。加强人际感恩神经生理机制的研究,考察由人际感恩到特质感恩的培养路径,拓展人际感恩的功能研究,探索中国文化背景下的人际感恩是未来人际感恩的研究方向。     

自我威胁刺激对返回抑制的影响

使用线索-靶子范式,分别将面孔刺激作为线索(实验1)和靶子(实验2)呈现,考察自我扭曲面孔对返回抑制的影响。结果发现:自我扭曲面孔为线索时,与他人扭曲、他人中性面孔产生了实验性分离,自我扭曲面孔的返回抑制效应量最小;自我扭曲面孔为靶子时,返回抑制消失。研究结果揭示:以自我扭曲面孔为代表的自我威胁刺激激活了威胁性自我概念,缩小了注意搜索范围,可能是导致人际紧张的潜在自我认知机制。     

自我设限及其研究范型和影响因素

自我设限是指个体针对可能来到的失败威胁而事先设计障碍以自我保护或自我提升。自我设限可细分为行为的自我设限、声称的自我设限以及抬举他人,但缺乏对这三种策略的机制、前置因素和后续结果的比较研究。影响自我设限的因素主要有任务性质、评价情境以及性别、自尊、归因倾向等,但对自我设限动机的探讨应更多考察评价情境与其他中介变量的交互作用,以及内隐自尊对自我设限的影响。     

师范生对教学能力的自我评价、他人评价和反射性评价的关系研究

通过对36名师范生进行问卷调查,考察师范生在教学反思过程中对教学能力的自我评价、他人评价和反射性评价之间的关系。结果发现,在对教学能力的评价中：（1）师范生的自我评价和反射性评价显著低于他人评价;（2）相对于具体他人,泛化他人评价和泛化反射性评价对个体自我评价的影响更大;（3）自我评价与他人评价存在中低相关,而与反射性评价存在中高相关;（4）反射性评价在他人评价和自我评价之间起着完全中介作用。本研究表明,师范生对教学能力的自我评价、他人评价和反射性评价并不完全一致,他人评价通过反射性评价间接影响个体的自我评价。     

大学生人际关系困扰与依恋的自我-他人工作模型的关系

采用人际关系综合诊断量表、一般依恋问卷调查了725名大学生人际关系困扰的现状及其与依恋的自我-他人工作模型间的关系。结果发现:(1)大学生人际困扰的总体水平较低;(2)依恋的自我-他人工作模型与大学生人际困扰各维度及总均分间相关显著,自我工作模型与人际困扰的相关显著高于他人工作模型与人际困扰的相关;(3)依恋的自我工作模型能显著预测人际困扰的各维度及总均分,他人工作模型则仅能预测交谈交流困扰。结论:依恋的自我-他人工作模型与大学生人际困扰间存在显著相关,依恋的自我工作模型可显著预测大学生人际困扰。     

医患冲突中医生特质信息与负性情绪反馈的作用：以失望和愤怒为例

他人失望反馈和他人愤怒反馈在人际冲突解决中起着重要作用。这一情绪的人际效应在医患冲突中是否同样成立,医生的特质对这一人际效应有何影响。为此,通过两个计算机情景模拟实验,采用“最后通牒博弈”范式,分别考察了他人失望反馈与他人愤怒反馈以及医生的温情与能力特质对于医患冲突中个体威胁评价及其冲突行为的影响。结果发现：（1）医生能力高时患者对情境的威胁评价比能力低时更高,但在有医生失望反馈中医生能力高时患者对情境的威胁评价比能力低时更低。高温情的医生愤怒时患者的威胁评价比温情低时更高。（2）医生能力高时患者的出价比能力低时更高,冲突行为更少。（3）医生温情高时患者的出价比温情低时更高,冲突行为更少。（4）在温情高能力低时,有医生愤怒反馈时患者的出价相比无情绪反馈时更低。说明了医生需谨慎表达自己的情绪。相较而言,医生的能力和温情的培养更为重要。     

欺骗判断与欺骗行为中自我控制的影响

欺骗判断与欺骗行为有着不同的心理机制, 正确认识二者之间的关系有助于增强人际间的信任和团队的长远利益。采用行为学实验从两种视角下考察自我控制对欺骗的影响。实验1采用材料评定的方法考察了识别他人自我控制能力状况对欺骗判断的影响, 结果发现对比高自我控制能力的人, 被试更倾向于认为低自我控制能力的人更有可能为了自己的利益产生欺骗行为和欺骗倾向。实验2采用颜色Stroop任务考察了识别他人自我控制资源衰竭状况对欺骗判断的影响, 结果发现当识别他人自我控制资源衰竭时, 在评价他人为自己利益去欺骗、为他人利益去欺骗以及在特定情境中欺骗倾向上, 没有发现任何显著的主效应或交互作用。实验3采用视觉−感知任务来考察不同水平的自我控制能力对欺骗行为的影响, 结果发现, 对比高自我控制组, 低自我控制组有更多的欺骗行为和欺骗倾向。实验4采用颜色Stroop任务和视觉−感知任务来考察自我控制资源对欺骗行为的影响, 结果发现, 对比控制组, 自我控制资源衰竭组有更多的欺骗行为和欺骗倾向。这些研究结果表明, 在进行欺骗判断时, 相比自我控制资源状况, 个体会优先识别他人的自我控制能力水平来判断其是否具有欺骗动机或欺骗倾向。在欺骗行为中, 高自我控制能力的个体, 能够更好地抑制自私动机, 更多的考虑长远利益, 出于自身利益去欺骗的可能性会更小; 自我控制资源充足的个体, 更有可能会经得住诱惑, 自私自利的欺骗行为发生的可能性也会更小。     

自发社会比较中的威胁效应及自我平衡策略

个体通常利用社会比较进行自我评价, 而比较对象的选择及其对个体自我的影响是一个内隐的过程, 研究基于选择通达理论, 通过三个实验考察了个体自发比较时威胁效应的来源及其消解, 结果表明：(1)威胁效应来源于自主条件下比较对象的选择。个体在比较后的自我评价过程中激活了周围优秀人物的信息, 比较后自我评价水平降低, 引发社会比较的威胁; (2)中国文化背景下的个体在比较后存在威胁“泛化”现象, 不论操作任务是否与自我相关, 均会出现社会比较的威胁效应; (3)与周围优秀人物进行比较所导致的威胁效应, 可以通过自我肯定策略得以缓解, 使个体的整体自我系统重新恢复平衡。     

How self-evaluations relate to being liked by others: integrating sociometer and attachment perspectives

What is the relation between self-evaluation and being liked by others? Does being liked by others lead to more positive self-evaluations (as in sociometer theory), or do positive self-evaluations lead to being liked more (self-broadcasting)? Furthermore, what might affect the extent to which self-evaluations are influenced by likability (and vice versa)? The purpose of the present study was twofold. First, it used a naturalistic design to test the direction of the effect between social self-evaluations and others' judgments of likability in real relationships. Second, it examined how individual differences in attachment avoidance and anxiety relate to self-evaluations and likability and whether attachment differences moderate the relation between the two. Social self-evaluations, actual interpersonal liking, and attachment were assessed in participants taking part in a longitudinal group study. The findings supported the sociometer theory: Being liked by others led to more positive self-evaluations. Both anxious and avoidant attachment predicted lower self-evaluations, and anxious attachment predicted stronger reactions to others' liking (i.e., potentiated the sociometer). These findings have several implications for research on self-evaluation, adult attachment theory, and the importance of integrating interpersonal processes and individual differences.     

Push-you-pull-you: the boundaried self in close relationships

Based on Amoebic Self Theory, the authors propose that the salience of different threats to the self affects the extent to which an intimate relationship partner is pushed away (excluded) or pulled closer (included). When social threat is salient among persons in relationships, it is hypothesized that partners will attempt to defuse the resulting sense of interpersonal vulnerability: offending partners may be pushed away, whereas offenders themselves may draw closer. When spatial-symbolic threat is salient and the relationship's capacity to function as an identity marker is jeopardized, it is hypothesized that the partner--regardless of his or her role--will be pulled closer to maintain the perception that the relationship is secure. Self-report responses to hypothetical scenarios and perceptions of behaviors during a role-play were generally consistent with these hypotheses, suggesting that both an intimate partner and the relationship with that partner can be incorporated into the self.     

“Date nights” take two: The maintenance function of shared relationship activities

One‐hundred and ninety‐six individuals (Study 1) and 83 couples (Study 2) reported on their shared relationship activities—activities that individuals engage in with their partner to facilitate closeness in their romantic relationships. Couples also reported on the quality of their shared activities and relationships 3 months later (Study 2). Results indicated that shared activities help to sustain relationships, and do so beyond threat‐based maintenance strategies (i.e., accommodation). Activities that were satisfying, stress‐free, and increased closeness predicted greater relationship quality concurrently and longitudinally. However, positive activity and relationship outcomes depended on the degree to which partners were dedicated to the activity, indicating that shared activities sustain relationship quality only when partners are responsive and want to share relationship activities.     

Maintaining close relationships: gratitude as a motivator and a detector of maintenance behavior

This research examined the dual function of gratitude for relationship maintenance in close relationships. In a longitudinal study among married couples, the authors tested the dyadic effects of gratitude over three time points for approximately 4 years following marriage. They found that feelings of gratitude toward a partner stem from the partner's relationship maintenance behaviors, partly because such behaviors create the perception of responsiveness to one's needs. In turn, gratitude motivates partners to engage in relationship maintenance. Hence, the present model emphasizes that gratitude between close partners (a) originates from partners' relationship maintenance behaviors and the perception of a partner's responsiveness and (b) promotes a partner's reciprocal maintenance behaviors. Thus, the authors' findings add credence to their model, in that gratitude contributes to a reciprocal process of relationship maintenance, whereby each partner's maintenance behaviors, perceptions of responsiveness, and feelings of gratitude feed back on and influence the other's behaviors, perceptions, and feelings.     

The mediating role of state maladaptive emotion regulation in the relation between social anxiety symptoms and self-evaluation bias

Although social anxiety symptoms are robustly linked to biased self-evaluations across time, the mechanisms of this relation remain unclear. The present study tested three maladaptive emotion regulation strategies – state post-event processing, state experiential avoidance, and state expressive suppression – as potential mediators of this relation. Undergraduate participants (N?=?88; 61.4% Female) rated their social skill in an impromptu conversation task and then returned to the laboratory approximately two days later to evaluate their social skill in the conversation again. Consistent with expectations, state post-event processing and state experiential avoidance mediated the relation between social anxiety symptoms and worsening self-evaluations of social skill (controlling for research assistant evaluations), particularly for positive qualities (e.g. appeared confident, demonstrated social skill). State expressive suppression did not mediate the relation between social anxiety symptoms and changes in self-evaluation bias across time. These findings highlight the role that spontaneous, state experiential avoidance and state post-event processing may play in the relation between social anxiety symptoms and worsening self-evaluation biases of social skill across time.     

自闭症谱系障碍个体的社会动机缺陷

自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种源于儿童期的神经发育障碍, 社会交往障碍是其核心特征, 与社会动机缺陷密切相关。社会动机是引导个体社会行为的强大动力, 主要表现为社会定向、社会奖赏和社会维持。现有研究表明, ASD个体的社会动机发展存在缺陷, 他们对社会刺激的注意偏向减少, 不能主动寻求和体会社会互动带来的快乐, 且缺乏维持社会关系的行为策略等。然而, 相关研究结果受到个体特征、环境和实验设计等因素的影响。研究者未来应综合考虑这些影响因素, 加强对ASD个体社会动机理论的整合研究, 以便全面系统地了解ASD个体的社会动机缺陷。     

It's the little things: Everyday gratitude as a booster shot for romantic relationships

Gratitude and indebtedness are differently valenced emotional responses to benefits provided, which have implications for interpersonal processes. Drawing on a social functional model of emotions, we tested the roles of gratitude and indebtedness in romantic relationships with a daily‐experience sampling of both members of cohabiting couples. As hypothesized, the receipt of thoughtful benefits predicted both gratitude and indebtedness. Men had more mixed emotional responses to benefit receipt than women. However, for both men and women, gratitude from interactions predicted increases in relationship connection and satisfaction the following day, for both recipient and benefactor. Although indebtedness may maintain external signals of relationship engagement, gratitude had uniquely predictive power in relationship promotion, perhaps acting as a booster shot for the relationship.     

Worry spreads: Interpersonal transfer of problem-related anxiety

This paper distinguishes processes potentially contributing to interpersonal anxiety transfer, including object-directed social appraisal, empathic worry, and anxiety contagion, and reviews evidence for their operation. We argue that these anxiety-transfer processes may be exploited strategically when attempting to regulate relationship partners’ emotion. More generally, anxiety may serve as either a warning signal to other people about threat (alerting function) or an appeal for emotional support or practical help (comfort-seeking function). Tensions between these two interpersonal functions may account for mutually incongruent interpersonal responses to expressed anxiety, including mistargeted interpersonal regulation attempts. Because worry waxes and wanes over time as a function of other people's ongoing reactions, interpersonal interventions may help to alleviate some of its maladaptive consequences.     

伴侣低头行为的影响及其心理机制

低头行为指的是线下社会互动时个体因使用手机而冷落社交对象的行为。目前关于低头行为研究最多的是伴侣低头行为。文章在剖析伴侣低头行为内涵之外,分析了伴侣低头行为带来的影响,并从期望违背理论、社会交换理论和相互依赖理论三个视角阐释伴侣低头行为发生的理论机制。总体上,基于现有研究我们认为未来可以从深化作用机制和探索跨关系研究（亲密关系—亲子关系）两个方面进行伴侣低头行为对亲密关系的研究。     

Social anxiety and depressive symptoms mediate instrumentality and maladaptive interpersonal styles

This study sought to examine the relationships between stereotypically masculine (instrumentality) and feminine (expressiveness) personality traits, social anxiety and depressive symptoms, and three interpersonal styles of relating: destructive overdependence (DO), dysfunctional detachment (DD), and healthy dependence (HD). Based on theories of social anxiety and recent research on social anxiety and close relationships, it is argued that individuals with higher levels of social anxiety would display greater detachment and overdependence in their interpersonal relationships. Students at an Australian university (n = 524) completed a battery of online self-report measures. The findings suggest that low levels of instrumentality are related to social anxiety and depressive symptoms, which both mediate the relationship between instrumentality and the two maladaptive interpersonal styles of relating: DO and DD.