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Enhancing the Conceptualization and Measurement of Implicit and Explicit Affective Evaluations: A Case Study in Disordered Eating 下载免费PDF全文
Halley E. Woodward C. Daryl Cameron Teresa A. Treat 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2016,10(4):252-264
Affective evaluations (i.e., evaluations of affectively evocative stimuli) play important roles in many behaviors, including clinically relevant behaviors like disordered eating. Understanding automatic and controlled affective evaluations can enhance prediction and treatment of more deliberate versus more impulsive clinical behaviors, respectively. However, methodological and theoretical shortcomings cloud the implicit affective evaluation literature, particularly as applied in clinical psychology. This article aims to improve the clinical science of implicit and explicit affective evaluation by capitalizing on theoretical and methodological advancements drawn from implicit social cognition. We recommend three key enhancements to the affective evaluation literature: improve the structural comparability between indirect and direct measures, assess evaluations on both valence and arousal dimensions of affect, and carefully characterize and select stimuli. Additional improvements to analytic approaches (e.g., mixed effects modeling and process dissociation) are also recommended. Such efforts will advance our theoretical understanding of the relative contributions of automatic and controlled processes to clinically relevant affective evaluation, thereby informing assessment and improving intervention. Applying advanced methodologies of implicit cognition to clinical phenomena will also reiterate and reinforce the use of these advances in social psychology. 相似文献
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Distinguishing between fantasy and reality is an important developmental milestone, achieved in the preschool years, that has been linked to children's cognitive capabilities and emotional knowledge. The authors examined the influence of both trait and prime fearfulness on preschoolers' ability to differentiate between fantastic and real situations. Forty 3–5-year-old preschoolers were administered a fearfulness assessment, a standard theory-of-mind task, and a fantasy-reality discrimination task (with or without a fear prime). When primed to experience fear, participants who were high in trait fearfulness made more mistakes distinguishing between fantastic and real events than did participants who were low in trait fearfulness. In the absence of a fear prime there was no difference in performance between these two groups. These findings were independent of participants' age, gender, and theory of mind abilities and suggest that preschoolers who are high in trait fearfulness are more prone to difficulty in discriminating between fantasy and reality when actively experiencing fear. This study illuminates important factors that contribute to the errors in fantasy-reality judgments frequently seen in preschoolers. 相似文献
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Personality theories assume that affective dispositions have a strong influence on affective experience and well-being, produce
cross-situational consistency, and that positive and negative experiences are influenced by separate dispositions. These assumptions
were tested using multi-method data. 97 married couples completed self and informant ratings of affective dispositions, a
14-day experience sampling study, and retrospective self and informant ratings of affective experiences (overall and with
spouse). Analysis was conducted using a multi-trait-multi-method matrix and structural equation modeling. Main findings were
(a) strong effects of affective dispositions on affective experiences with partner and affective well-being, (b) shared method
variance among disposition and well-being ratings by the same rater, and (c) moderate to strong negative correlations between
dispositions for positive and negative affect. 相似文献
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Eugen Fischer 《Synthese》2006,148(2):469-501
The paper develops a novel account of the nature and genesis of some philosophical problems, which motivates an unfamiliar
form of philosophical criticism that was pioneered by the later Wittgenstein. To develop the account, the paper analyses two
thematically linked sets of problems, namely problems about linguistic understanding: a set of problems Wittgenstein discusses
in a core part of his Philosophical Investigations, and the ‘problem of linguistic creativity’ that is central to current philosophy of language. The paper argues that these
problems are generated by tacit and unwarranted presuppositions at odds with warranted beliefs the philosophers raising the
problems reflectively hold at the same time. For a rigorous conceptualisation of this phenomenon, the paper develops the notion
of a ‘philosophical picture’ first proposed by Wittgenstein, and specifies the particular class of philosophical problems
that may be raised due to adherence to such pictures. The results motivate a new form of philosophical criticism: the systematic
exposure of relevant philosophical pictures, and efforts to overcome their tacit influence on philosophical reflection. 相似文献
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Bibace R 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2008,42(1):76-86
My response to Engelmann (2008) will be based on several questions that will allow both its author and the general reader to determine whether the assumptions I make as an interpreter of this complex paper are congruent or incongruent with their own interpretations of the text. The interpretations by the writer, by any commentator, and the diverse interpretations of a general audience together with my own interpretations will, I hope, facilitate some fruitful ‘comparative evaluations.’ I articulate my inferences of the most dense part of the paper, namely the ‘concrete immediate Consciousness and the developing absent outside.’ My hope is to address Engelmann’s question: “Am I in a better disposition to judge modern theories of consciousness?” The last section of my response spells out more personal comments to my all too brief and single encounter with Arno Engelmann. It is there that Arno Engelmann’s fascinating statement “I am a citizen of the world” is addressed through its counterparts in my life. 相似文献
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Steffen R. Giessner Michelle K. Ryan Thomas W. Schubert Niels van Quaquebeke 《Media Psychology》2013,16(4):442-464
Conventional wisdom suggests that variations in vertical picture angle cause the subject to appear more powerful when depicted from below and less powerful when depicted from above. However, do the media actually use such associations to represent individual differences in power? We argue that the diverse perspectives of evolutionary, social learning, and embodiment theories all suggest that the association between verticality and power is relatively automatic and should, therefore, be visible in the portrayal of powerful and powerless individuals in the media. Four archival studies (with six samples) provide empirical evidence for this hypothesis and indicate that a salience power context reinforces this effect. In addition, two experimental studies confirm these effects for individuals producing media content. We discuss potential implications of this effect. 相似文献
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Ben Blumson 《Philosophical Studies》2010,149(2):135-151
This paper argues for a possible worlds theory of the content of pictures, with three complications: depictive content is
centred, two-dimensional and structured. The paper argues that this theory supports a strong analogy between depictive and
other kinds of representation and the platitude that depiction is mediated by resemblance. 相似文献
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Patrick Hutchings 《Sophia》2007,46(1):79-89
A review of Peter Steele’s Plenty, a book in which each poem is faced by a colour plate of the painting or object which sparked it off. Hollander’s ecphrasis
and Krieger’s ekphrasis are held in – possibly unresolvable – dialectic by Steele’s poems. The only resolution which one can
find is one of wit rather than of philosophy.
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Patrick HutchingsEmail: |
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