试论高技术的道德选择及其本质

当代科学技术取得了长足的进步 ,尤其是高技术的迅速崛起 ,正日益改变着世界。高技术的发展更增加了高技术伦理风险负效应的不确定性 ,即既提供了更多的道德选择的可能性 ,又提出了严峻的挑战 ,进而使高技术的道德选择成为高技术活动主体不可回避的问题。     

伦理风险:一种新的解释范式与研究进程 —— — 读《价值排序与伦理风险》

在价值多元化和经济全球化的当代,面对经济社会生活中不断出现的道德冲突,加强价值排序与伦理风险问题研究就显得十分紧迫和重要.浙江大学张彦博士所著《价值排序与伦理风险》(人民出版社2011年9月版)的出版正切合了这一现实需要.该著以伦理风险为研究价值排序和道德选择的基本进路,突破原有对该主题缺乏有效研究路径的状况,构建了"伦理风险"研究的基本体系,从多重维度讨论了道德主体在进行价值排序和伦理决策时可能面临的道德境遇,并对如何走出生活中的道德困境提出了相应对策.     

高技术的伦理中道

高技术难题的解决 ,必须向传统的中道哲学寻求伦理智慧。中道不仅在世界文明体系中具有一定普适性的形上智慧 ,而且它是应对重大社会历史变革的智慧 ,尤其是应对那些潜在巨大文明风险的变革中的两难选择的文化智慧。高技术伦理的辩证结构是 :伦理理智 ;伦理意志 ;伦理精神。社会文明生态的合理性 ,是伦理理智的中道 ;技术冲动力与伦理冲动力的合理“冲动体系”或“合力”,是伦理意志的中道 ;而“新人文主义伦理精神”,则是高技术伦理精神的中道     

当前我国社会道德生活的影响因子研究

对比道德国情大调查2007年、2013年和2017年的数据,可以发现,近十年来中国社会道 德状况的整体面貌获得了相对改善,但与此同时当前中国道德的精神素质又呈现出复杂情形 ,新问题凸显。退化中的传统伦理策源地将导致道德精神培育失去神圣性根源; 拓展中的生活世界伦理建构将使道德精神培育风险与机遇并存。有效改善道德生活, 应当致力于调整影响因子元素及其结构,它不仅需要重视传统伦理策源地的作用,而且要积 极引导生活世界伦理建构的新兴力量。     

论两种道德思维模式

人们的道德思维可以说是遵循着伦理理性和伦理智慧两种模式进行的。所谓伦理理性,是指每一位行为主体在日常的社会交往中,都应该合乎道德地行动。而人们之所以要用道德来规约自己的行为,目的在于使自己和他人的利益与需求都能够得到保障与满足。从这个意义上讲,道德与理性处于合一的状态。所谓伦理智慧,是指行为主体在面临道德困境和伦理悖论的时候,为了寻获道德的或者比较道德的解答,所采取的所有选择、权衡、谋略、处置、协调等实践活动。一句话,伦理智慧体现为一种寻求道德目标的权衡能力。如果说伦理理性是在实践道德、践行道德的话,那么就可以说伦理智慧是在寻找道德、追寻道德。伦理理性以道德真理为导向,伦理智慧则是以道德共识为依归。     

公共卫生实践中诸主体的道德责任

公共卫生伦理的实质是维护公共健康的道德责任,明确其实践诸主体的具体道德责任,即政府应当尽力提供与公正分配公共卫生资源,公众应当追求公共善基础上的合法权利,卫生职业者应当献身职业,进而为维护和促进公共健康利益、减少和预防疾病、降低和最小化风险与伤害提供伦理支撑,也将为公共卫生实践主体提供正确的价值引导。     

公共卫生实践中诸主体的道德责任

公共卫生伦理的实质是维护公共健康的道德责任,明确其实践诸主体的具体道德责任,即政府应当尽力提供与公正分配公共卫生资源,公众应当追求公共善基础上的合法权利,卫生职业者应当献身职业,进而为维护和促进公共健康利益、减少和预防疾病、降低和最小化风险与伤害提供伦理支撑,也将为公共卫生实践主体提供正确的价值引导.     

从人的生命本性看道德与伦理的区分

道德、伦理作为人类特有的现象,必然与人的生命本性有着内在关联.人的超自然性蕴含着做人问题,道德、伦理是做人问题在人的个体性与社会性两个方向上的解决.道德是个体做人方向与方式的选择,伦理是包含底线伦理和社会道德的规范系统.道德、伦理的区分具有重要的伦理学意义.     

中国传统伦理道德中的公私观及其现代辨析

公私观念是中国传统伦理文化的一个核心概念和重要的道德范畴。公私含义演化及观念生成的逻辑奠定了传统伦理中"贵公"的价值观,它是中国文化特有的伦理气质。历史地分析公、私概念内涵及其主体关系的演变,客观地揭示传统公私观念的伦理价值和道德意涵,是传统公私观现代价值辨析的理论前提。传统公私观念的形成有两个基本载体,一是本体论意义上的共同体之公的伦理观念载体,二是认识论意义上天下为公的道德观念载体。这两个载体构成传统公私观的伦理本质,形成存在的实然与道德的应然之间的张力。传统公私观的现代困境恰恰在于混淆了两个基本载体,使得"公""私"无法各安其位,进而出现伦理失序和道德失守。澄清之解,可以从借鉴义利和解之道以及对分殊公私的伦理与道德之理,从根本上使公私回归伦理本性。     

当代生命伦理中理性自主的价值与贫困

建立在身心二元论基础之上的当代生命伦理,理性自主被视为个体意志和价值的唯一体现,身体感知、直觉、本能等被悬置于认识和判断之外,弱化了身体体验及本能欲求,造成了对自主的另类束缚；理性选择并非总是道德的,沉重的理性思量亦可能使主体背离内在良心,忘却应有的责任；道德生活离不开道德本能,理性的道德判断应以道德情感、体验、本能为补充.当代生命伦理的道德困境,根源于对身体直觉、道德本能的遗忘和身体的缺位.     

伦理氛围与亲组织非伦理行为:道德辩护的中介效应

与纯粹的私利性非伦理行为不同,亲组织非伦理行为是个体为了组织利益而实施的非伦理行为。探讨了伦理氛围对亲组织非伦理行为的影响以及道德辩护的中介作用。实证研究结果发现,自利型、关怀型伦理氛围分别对亲组织非伦理行为具有正向影响,规则型伦理氛围对亲组织非伦理行为具有负向影响,道德辩护分别在三种伦理氛围与亲组织非伦理行为关系间具有部分中介作用。     

道德推脱对员工道德决策的影响：德行领导的调节作用

运用问卷调查的方法,以819名员工为研究被试,探讨了德行领导在道德推脱影响道德决策过程中的调节作用。采用层次回归分析的方法研究发现：德行领导对道德推脱与道德识别、道德判断之间的关系具有调节作用;但德行领导不会对道德推脱与道德意图之间的关系产生调节作用,而会对道德意图产生显著的直接影响。     

高科技战争对人民军医道德心理的影响及对策初探

现代高科技战争呈现出的新模式和新特点引发了新的伦理问题,从而对参战医护人员的道德心理构建提出了更高要求。分析了高科技战争对我人民军医道德心理,即道德认知、道德情感、道德意志、道德行为等方面的主要影响,进而从医德心理学科角度提出了相应的优化策略。     

Moral Philosophy,Ethical Evaluations,and Sales Manager Hiring Intentions

A growing body of evidence shows an influence of moral philosophies on ethical decision-making. Despite the importance of ethical considerations in sales force selection, the influence of sales managers’ ethical evaluations on hiring practices has received scant attention. This study examines sales managers’ ideological orientations, ethical evaluations of hypothetical salespeople portrayed in scenarios, and the effect of such evaluations on the intent to hire salespeople. Results of a cluster analysis highlight that four ideology-based segments of sales managers exist, with absolutists dominating the 268 sales executives surveyed. Furthermore, it was found that ideological relativism influences managers’ judgments of ethical behavior and hiring intentions, but idealism did not play a role. In turn, ethical judgments of justness, fairness, moral rightness, and acceptability influence hiring intentions.     

Smart Technology and the Moral Life

Smart technology is recording and nudging our intuitive and behavioral reactions in ways that are not fully shaped by our conscious ethical reasoning and so are altering our social and moral worlds. Beyond reasons to worry, there are also reasons to embrace this technology for nudging human behavior toward prosocial activity. This article inquires about four ways that smart technology is shaping the individual moral life: the persuasive effect of promptware, our newly evolving experiences of embodiment, our negotiations with privacy, and our experiences of risk and serendipity.     

Government accounting optimization based on computational linguistics

The level of moral development and moral intensity in cognitive psychology will not only affect the ethical behavior of accountants, but also have a direct impact on the quality and level of accounting work. Therefore, in this paper, the ethical behavior of accountants was analyzed from the perspective of cognitive psychology. Computer-aided data mining techniques were introduced, and government accounting risk assessment management of financial accountants was studied. In this paper, the principle of cognitive psychology to measure the ethical level of accountants was first described. The predicament of moral judgments was analyzed and an optimization plan to improve the ethical intention of accountants was proposed. Support Vector Machine classification technology in data mining was studied to explore how to conduct effective and reliable evaluation, so as to provide a scientific basis for decision-making in improving accounting management. After the simulation experiment, it is proved that continuously improving the ethical standards of accountants and strengthening the forecast of accounting risks can continue to optimize the accounting office management.     

道德推理与道德行为关系的元分析

目前道德心理学中存在对道德推理作用的质疑, 这一质疑源自哲学领域的著名争论。从经典道德心理学理论来说, 道德推理应该是道德行为的重要决定因素, 但新近的观点则否定这一重要作用。本研究采用元分析技术探讨道德推理与道德行为的关系。通过文献搜索与检查, 获得了50项研究和83个独立效应量, 共包含16738名被试。检验表明发表偏差不会影响元分析的结果, 选择随机效应模型是准确的。通过随机效应模型的元分析表明, 道德推理与道德的行为有显著的正相关, 与不道德的行为有显著的负相关。调节效应分析表明, 道德推理测量工具的类型会影响道德推理与道德行为的关系, 被试年龄阶段会影响道德推理与不道德行为的关系。这些结果肯定了道德推理的作用, 也强调了研究过程中要关注测量工具的类型, 指出了需要开发更全面的道德推理测量工具。     

移情在道德强度对企业道德决策影响中的作用

摘 要 本研究将一种重要的道德情绪--移情引入问题权变模型中,以探讨移情因素在道德强度对企业道德决策影响中的作用。本研究基于情景研究法,随机选取256名MBA学生为被试,要求被试基于所提供情景中假想参与者的行为,回答随后测量道德决策(道德识别、道德判断和道德意图)、移情反应、主观道德强度及移情特质的问题。结果发现,1）移情反应在道德强度对企业道德决策的影响中具有中介作用;2）移情关怀特质会通过影响主观道德强度和移情反应而作用于企业道德决策;3)结果大小、社会舆论和效应可能性对道德判断和道德意图的影响机制各有特点。     

The Harmful Influence of Decision Theory on Ethics

In the last half century, decision theory has had a deep influence on moral theory. Its impact has largely been beneficial. However, it has also given rise to some problems, two of which are discussed here. First, issues such as risk-taking and risk imposition have been left out of ethics since they are believed to belong to decision theory, and consequently the ethical aspects of these issues have not been treated in either discipline. Secondly, ethics has adopted the decision-theoretical idea that action-guidance has to be based on cause–effect or means–ends relationships between an individual action and its possible outcomes. This is problematic since the morally relevant connections between an action and future events are not fully covered by such relationships. In response to the first problem it is proposed that moral theory should deal directly and extensively with issues such as risk-taking and risk imposition, thereby intruding unabashedly into the traditional territory of decision theory. As a partial response to the second problem it is proposed that moral theorizing should release itself from the decision-theoretical requirement that the moral status of an action has to be derivable from the consequences (or other properties) that are assignable to that action alone. In particular, the effects that an action can have in combination with other actions by the same or other agents are valid arguments in an action-guiding moral discourse, even if its contribution to these combined consequences cannot be isolated and evaluated separately.