On the Theories and Problems of Adolescence

Temptation behavior was studied in four groups of elementary school children (control, please-experimenter, competition, please-experimenter/competition) in an attempt to assess the influence of intangible incentives upon resistance to temptation. The results indicated that the frequency of transgression in both young and old males was unrelated to the experimental manipulations. Female Ss, on the other hand, while unresponsive to “experimenter warmth,” exhibited a much higher incidence of cheating when given a competitive set. This was true of both young and old females. The implications of these findings for research using measures of resistance to temptation are discussed.     

Eclecticism and Integration: A Personal Retrospective View

As indicated in the title, this article presents a personal retrospective account of the development of the author's eclectic and integrative views of psychotherapy. Although this period covers more than 50 years, I have tried my best to recall events as accurately as possible.     

A Moderate Eclecticism: Ontological and Epistemological Issues

The principle of eclecticism is discussed with the point of departure in a definition of psychology and its subject areas. It is argued that eclecticism constitutes one of the key developmental conditions for science. The argument begins with an analysis of the distinction between real and recognized object and concludes that a scientific object always has an infinite number of aspects and that this fact is not reducible to a question of complexity. Next a differentiation between theoretical levels based on ontological arguments are introduced and it is concluded that it is necessary to accept positive eclectic processes in theories, and that development of theories is due to an eclectic relationship with other theories. A series of examples are given for different versions of the eclectic development of psychological disciplines and concepts, namely phenomenology, psychoanalysis, stress, and cognition.     

Eclecticism and integration in counselling: Implications for training

The multiplicity of approaches in the field of counselling, together with a growing interest in eclecticism and integration amongst practitioners, present a challenge for counsellor trainers. One way in which this challenge is being met is by the development of training programmes that purport to be integrative. The development of such programmes, however, presents a further challenge to trainers, since sophisticated integration is rare. Some of the issues needing careful consideration by trainers involved in integrative programmes are explored under the headings of 11 key statements.     

Integration of Cognitive-Behavioral and Interpersonal Therapies for Latinos: An Argument for Technical Eclecticism

The integration of psychotherapeutic techniques is a common practice among today's clinicians. However, most discussions on psychotherapy integration have focused on general theoretical issues without attention to special populations. Latinos now represent the largest ethnic minority population in the United States and the mental health needs of this population are increasing. Although there are few controlled outcome studies that focus on Latinos, basic research suggests that integrating components of interpersonal therapy (IPT) into cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) may be particularly effective with this population. Specific suggestions for integrating CBT and IPT techniques are presented, and ways in which this integration can be adapted in a culturally sensitive manner are reviewed. An ethical and culturally sensitive CBT-IPT integration for Latinos requires empirical verification. Future studies on CBT-IPT synthesis should demonstrate the effectiveness of such integration relative to CBT or IPT alone.     

创造性与环境因素关系的社会心理学理论

本文介绍了关于创造性研究的社会心理学理论,分析了它们对于环境因素影响创造性行为产生的观点,强调了环境因素与创造性行为关系的动机中介作用的思想,在理论分析的基础上提出探索环境影响因素的结构与动机中介的机制是进一步研究创造性行为的方向。     

"网恋"及其伦理问题辨析

“网恋”可划分为“网恋I”(通过网络恋爱 )和“网恋II”(纯粹的网恋 )两种类型 ,由“网恋”引发的伦理问题可分为“问题I”、“问题II”和“问题III”。这种区分有助于分辨网恋带来的不同性质的伦理问题 ,针对不同类型的网恋及其问题 ,提出不同的应对方法。     

On the Relation Between Philosophical Worldviews and Theories of Counseling and Development: A Comment

An alternate understanding of the role of organicism (Pepper, 1942) in contemporary developmental and constructivist thought is offered in reaction to Steenbarger's (1991) recent analysis of contextualist themes in counseling and development.     

Bridging Technical Eclecticism and Theoretical Integration: Assimilative Integration

Assimilative integration is a new type of psychotherapy integration introduced by Messer in 1992. This paper explains the where, what, when, and how of this integrative route, outlines its advantages and weaknesses, and discusses areas for potential assimilative practice in various models of therapy. Following a brief review of the current status of psychotherapy integration and its practices, assimilative integration is conceptualized as a mini theoretical integration and as theoretical eclecticism it is offered as a bridge between theoretical integration and technical eclecticism. Assimilative integration is proposed as the best theoretically and empirically based integrative approach available at this time, particularly for therapists who have been trained in a single mode of therapy before they became integrationists.     

Mindful Parenting: A Call for Research

Interest in mindfulness-based interventions for children and adolescents is growing, but despite substantial evidence that parental distress and psychopathology adversely affects children, there is little research on how mindfulness-based parenting interventions might benefit the child as well as the parent. As an established intervention for prevention of depressive relapse, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) conducted with parents is an intervention that potentially could improve parent–child relationships, reduce child symptoms, and promote healthy child development. Mindful parenting interventions bring mindful attention directly to parent–child interactions and are similar but not identical to existing clinical mindfulness interventions such as MBCT. Mindfulness-based parenting interventions have an interpersonal, rather than intrapsychic focus, with particular attention given to the parent–child relationship. Preliminary research suggests that this intervention approach may reduce stress, enhance parenting satisfaction, decrease child aggression, and increase children’s prosocial behaviors. Initial evidence supporting the effectiveness of mindful parenting programs is promising and supports our call for ongoing research.     

Meta-Analysis: A Reflection On Problems

Since 1977 there has been considerable debate regarding the relative efficacy of meta-analysis as a research methodology. The authors implemented a meta-analysis to examine the question of the nature of the association between self-perception and performance or achievements levels. The study (128 research studies; 1136 correlations) made us aware of the problems associated with designing and implementing a meta-analysis. This paper discussed in some detail the problems encountered, namely topic selection, the literature search, coding procedures, sampling the literature, the use of a common metric, the use of significance tests, costs and time involved, and publication.     

Theories and Theorizers: A Contextual Approach to Theories of Cognition

An undisputable characteristic of cognitive science is its enormous diversity of theories. Not surprisingly, these often belong to different paradigms that focus on different processes and levels of analysis. A related problem is that researchers of cognition frequently seem to ascribe to incompatible approaches to research, creating a Tower of Babel of cognitive knowledge. This text presents a pragmatic model of meta-theoretical analysis, a theory conceived of to examine other theories, which allows cognitive theories to be described, integrated and compared. After a brief introduction to meta-theoretical analysis in cognitive science, the dynamic and structural components of a theory are described. The analysis of conceptual mappings between components and explanation strategies is also described, as well as the processes of intra-theory generalization and inter-theory comparison. The various components of the meta-theoretical model are presented with examples of different cognitive theories, mainly focusing on two current approaches to research: The dynamical approach to cognition and the computer metaphor of mind. Finally, two potential counter arguments to the model are presented and discussed.     

Theories of the syllogism: A meta-analysis

Syllogisms are arguments about the properties of entities. They consist of 2 premises and a conclusion, which can each be in 1 of 4 "moods": All A are B, Some A are B, No A are B, and Some A are not B. Their logical analysis began with Aristotle, and their psychological investigation began over 100 years ago. This article outlines the logic of inferences about syllogisms, which includes the evaluation of the consistency of sets of assertions. It also describes the main phenomena of reasoning about properties. There are 12 extant theories of such inferences, and the article outlines each of them and describes their strengths and weaknesses. The theories are of 3 main sorts: heuristic theories that capture principles that could underlie intuitive responses, theories of deliberative reasoning based on formal rules of inference akin to those of logic, and theories of deliberative reasoning based on set-theoretic diagrams or models. The article presents a meta-analysis of these extant theories of syllogisms using data from 6 studies. None of the 12 theories provides an adequate account, and so the article concludes with a guide-based on its qualitative and quantitative analyses-of how best to make progress toward a satisfactory theory.     

论邓小平经济伦理思想产生的条件

实事求是是邓小平经济伦理思想产生的哲学前提,批判、继承、改造传统道德化是邓小平经济伦理思想产生的化渊源,改革开放和经济建设的实践是邓小平经济伦理思想生长的土壤。     

Social Advocacy: A Call for Nursing Action

The nursing profession has long held advocacy on behalf of a patient as a tenet of protection for the patient, particularly in the hospital setting. In more recent years, nursing has indicated that advocacy is a critical professional nursing function on behalf of individual patients and for addressing societal issues, a role similar to other professionals such as chaplains. This paper will reflect on the history of nursing ethics and advocacy, examine the current state of the research and literature surrounding social advocacy and social justice, and discuss implications for the future of nursing and nursing research. Particular focus will be placed on the preparation for the nurse to act as a social advocate and for nursing to begin overtly addressing social issues.     

Translations and Theories: On the Difference Between Indeterminacy and Underdetermination

Despite Quine's recurrent claims to the contrary, the idea is still widespread that indeterminacy of translation is a special case of underdetermination of theories. In this paper we explain how indeterminacy differs from underdetermination, and in what ways such gifted Quine scholars as Gemes and Bergström went astray.