Reid on Fictional Objects and the Way of Ideas

I argue that Reid adopts a form of Meinongianism about fictional objects because of, not in spite of, his common sense philosophy. According to 'the way of ideas', thoughts take representational states as their immediate intentional objects. In contrast, Reid endorses a direct theory of conception and a heady thesis of first-person privileged access to the contents of our thoughts. He claims that thoughts about centaurs are thoughts of nonexistent objects, not thoughts about mental intermediaries, adverbial states or general concepts. In part this is because of the common sense semantics he adopts for fictional-object terms. I show that it is reasonable for Reid to endorse Meinongianism, given his epistemological priorities, for he took the way of ideas to imply that his view about first-person privileged access to our mental contents was false.     

我国民族心理学研究的困境及出路

文章对我国民族心理学研究面临的困境进行了阐述,指出要成功走出目前的困境,在今后的研究中应融合多元方法,加强民族心理学研究中质与量的整合;加强民族心理学的理论建设;促进相邻学科的对话与合作,注重对综合性民族心理研究人才的培养;同时还要立足于我国民族的实际情况,加强对现实问题的研究,增强民族心理学研究的价值。     

伦理学发展面临的挑战、困境和出路

当代中国伦理学在取得巨大进步的同时,也面临着一些挑战和困境.它们主要表现在伦理学的学科性质、出发点和目的以及道德原则等方面.这需要从现代伦理学的发展趋势、唯物史观的人本理念、个人与集体的关系、马克思的"三形态理论"以及目的和手段的相互转化等方面对此进行回应和探讨.     

Introduction: Finding out the Right Way to Understand Virtue Ethics

It is very apparent that a discussion on virtue ethics—perhaps even a hot debate,the origin of which can be traced back to the late 1950s,has been going on during the past two decades,and has marked the philosophical domain we call ethics.Three authors' views on this topic will be seriously examined in this special theme. Chen Lai treats the topic in the context of Confucianism.He carefully explores Mencius' theory of virtue,and sees two main contrasts between the ideas of Mencius and those of Confucius,as well as three main features they both share.     

The Holy Spirit and Unity: Getting out of the Way of Christ

This article argues for a limited pneumatological definition of Christian unity, in favor of a more exclusive christological explanation. It traces some of the theological problems associated with tying Christian unity too closely with the Holy Spirit, by examining the works of three near‐contemporary seventeenth‐century theologians, Bossuet, Baxter and Owen. The pneumatological ‘expansionism’ in each of these writers, still common in contemporary discussions of ecclesial unity, are not only counterproductive but obscure the specific kinds of charismatic gifting demanded by Christian reconciliation.     

Reasoning Continuously: A Formal Construction of Continuous Proofs

We begin with the idea that lines of reasoning are continuous mental processes and develop a notion of continuity in proof. This requires abstracting the notion of a proof as a set of sentences ordered by provability. We can then distinguish between discrete steps of a proof and possibly continuous stages, defining indexing functions to pick these out. Proof stages can be associated with the application of continuously variable rules, connecting continuity in lines of reasoning with continuously variable reasons. Some examples of continuous proofs are provided. We conclude by presenting some fundamental facts about continuous proofs, analogous to continuous structural rules and composition. We take this to be a development on its own, as well as lending support to non-finitistic constructionism.

     

A Theory of Perceptual Objects

Objects are central in visual, auditory, and tactual perception. But what counts as a perceptual object? I address this question via a structural unity schema, which specifies how a collection of parts must be arranged to compose an object for perception. On the theory I propose, perceptual objects are composed of parts that participate in causally sustained regularities. I argue that this theory falls out of a compelling account of the function of object perception, and illustrate its applications to multisensory perception. I also argue that the account avoids problems faced by standard views of visual and auditory objects.     

Formal Ontology and Mathematics. A Case Study on the Identity of Proofs

We propose a novel, ontological approach to studying mathematical propositions and proofs. By “ontological approach” we refer to the study of the categories of beings or concepts that, in their practice, mathematicians isolate as fruitful for the advancement of their scientific activity (like discovering and proving theorems, formulating conjectures, and providing explanations). We do so by developing what we call a “formal ontology” of proofs using semantic modeling tools (like RDF and OWL) developed by the computer science community. In this article, (i) we describe this new approach and, (ii) to provide an example, we apply it to the problem of the identity of proofs. We also describe open issues and further applications of this approach (for example, the study of purity of methods). We lay some foundations to investigate rigorously and at large scale intellectual moves and attitudes that underpin the advancement of mathematics through cognitive means (carving out investigationally valuable concepts and techniques) and social means (like communication, collaboration, revision, and criticism of specific categories, inferential patterns, and levels of analysis). Our approach complements other types of analysis of proofs such as reconstruction in a deductive system and examination through a proof-assistant.

     

Factors contributing to the quality of the transition out of elite sports in Swiss,Danish, and Polish athletes

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was (a) to compare athletic retirement of former Swiss, Danish, and Polish athletes; and (b) to explore the influence of factors on the quality of the transition. Based on existing transitional models, we developed a working model to investigate the predictive power of commonly assumed resources and barriers related to the transition (Park, Lavallee, & Tod, 2013).Design and methodsFormer international elite athletes from Switzerland (n = 231), Denmark (n = 86), and Poland (n = 84) from 35 different sports completed an online questionnaire in their native language. Mean/proportional differences across countries were explored using ANOVAs and chi-square tests. For each sample, a multiple regression analysis was performed with 26 predictors on the transition quality, which was a component score of seven variables.Results and conclusionsMore differences were found among individual characteristics (e.g., educational level, athletic identity, confidence in skills), whereas athletes reported a similar pattern concerning retirement planning and voluntariness to end their career regardless of the context. The adaptation process following the career end was easiest for Swiss athletes and most difficult for Polish athletes. Results of the multiple regressions revealed both common resources (e.g., voluntariness) and barriers (e.g., athletic identity), but also factors that worked as resources in one context, but as barriers in another (e.g., high sportcareer income). We propose to avoid generalizations about resources and barriers influencing the transition, but to apply a culturally sensitive approach when studying athletic retirement in different contexts.     

上帝存在证明,第一部分:形而上学论证

自柏拉图与亚里士多德的时代以来,人们提出了许多关于上帝存在的形而上学证明.本文的证明试图把来自20世纪思想中的三个见解结合进柏拉图、亚里士多德、奥古斯丁、托马斯及其解释者的处于萌芽状态的见解中去.     

Two Fallacies in Proofs of the Liar Paradox

Philosophia - At some step in proving the Liar Paradox in natural language, a sentence is derived that seems overdetermined with respect to its semantic value. This is complemented by...     

A way out of the wasteland

This essay describes the author's experiences with Judaism, with the art of Jane Austen, and with the thought of a radical Catholic theologian, Leslie Dewart. The author's synthesis of these disparate elements indicates that it is possible to achieve a religious view that satisfies one's spiritual and emotional needs without conflicting with the widespread modern conception of the integrity and openness of man's evolution.     

Against Unnecessary Duplication of Selves: A Sartrean Argument Against Zahavi

In this article I argue that Zahavi's Sartre-inspired combination of the experiential and narrative self entails an unnecessary duplication of selves. Sartre himself accused Husserl of the same mistake in The Transcendence of the Ego. He claims that Husserl's combination of the transcendental I and the Me is unnecessary, and that we can do without the first. I try to show that Sartre's critique of Husserl also applies to Zahavi. Sartre's critique is based on his idea of impersonal consciousness, which I explain by comparing it to Armstrong's example of the long-distance truck-driver. Furthermore, I explicate how the alternative notion of self that Sartre proposes in the same work avoids unnecessary duplications of selves, and thereby evades further problems concerning how the two selves relate to one another.     

倡导认知健康，走出过度医疗及养老泥淖

结合科技与人文“脱嵌”的现状,提出中国医学人文需注重引领,而不只是呼吁、分析与批评;结合当今人们已接受四维健康概念（躯体-心理-社会-道德健康）,提出需增加认知健康,后者涉及认知能力、内容、方式等,从而形成五维的健康模式;并认为倡导认知健康有助于改善过度医疗及养老等尴尬,特别是阿尔茨海默病患者猛增之现实;通过提升个体认知能力及水平,可令其意识清晰,有选择、有甄别能力而优雅地生存着,且能实施自我照顾;认为这是从“身-心”上升到“灵性”之层级。