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1.
Akke Albada Sandra van Dulmen Roel Otten Jozien M. Bensing Margreet G. E. M. Ausems 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(4):326-338
This article describes the stepwise development of the website ‘E-info geneca’. The website provides counselees in breast cancer genetic counseling with computer-tailored information and a question prompt
prior to their first consultation. Counselees generally do not know what to expect from genetic counseling and they tend to
have a passive role, receiving large amounts of relatively standard information. Using the “intervention mapping approach,”
we developed E-info geneca aiming to enhance counselees’ realistic expectations and participation during genetic counseling. The information on this
website is tailored to counselees’ individual situation (e.g., the counselee’s age and cancer history). The website covers
the topics of the genetic counseling process, breast cancer risk, meaning of being a carrier of a cancer gene mutation, emotional
consequences and hereditary breast cancer. Finally, a question prompt encourages counselees to prepare questions for their
genetic counseling visit. 相似文献
2.
3.
L. Brent Hafen Rebecca S. Hulinsky Sara Ellis Simonsen Stephanie Wilder Nancy C. Rose 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(4):395-400
In order to evaluate the utility of genetic counseling at the time of first trimester screening in patients with no previously
identified genetic concerns, we reviewed family history data for 700 women seen for genetic counseling in Utah during 2005-2006.
The mean maternal age was 35 years (Range: 16–47 years). The majority of patients seen were non-Jewish Caucasians (90.8%,
634/700). A three-generation pedigree was obtained from each woman by one of two certified genetic counselors and subsequently
classified as “negative” (no birth defects/genetic disorders); “positive” (birth defect or genetic condition with a minimal/low
risk of recurrence; additional evaluation/genetic testing during pregnancy not indicated); or “significant” (birth defect
or genetic condition with an increased risk of recurrence; additional evaluation/genetic testing during the pregnancy indicated).
About 72% (501/700) of the histories were negative, 19% (134/700) were positive, and about 9% (65/700) were significant. Among
patients with significant family histories, 66% (n = 43) were women less than 35 years of age. We conclude that assessing a patient’s family history at the time of first trimester
serum screening is a valuable resource for pregnancy management. 相似文献
4.
Misconceptions about basic genetic concepts and inheritance patterns may be widespread in the general population. This paper
investigates understandings of genetics, illness causality and inheritance among British Pakistanis referred to a UK genetics
clinic. During participant observation of genetics clinic consultations and semi-structured interviews in Urdu or English
in respondents’ homes, we identified an array of environmental, behavioral and spiritual understandings of the causes of medical
and intellectual problems. Misconceptions about the location of genetic information in the body and of genetic mechanisms
of inheritance were common, reflected the range of everyday theories observed for White British patients and included the
belief that a child receives more genetic material from the father than the mother. Despite some participants’ conversational
use of genetic terminology, some patients had assimilated genetic information in ways that conflict with genetic theory with
potentially serious clinical consequences. Additionally, skepticism of genetic theories of illness reflected a rejection of
a dominant discourse of genetic risk that stigmatizes cousin marriages. Patients referred to genetics clinics may not easily
surrender their lay or personal theories about the causes of their own or their child’s condition and their understandings
of genetic risk. Genetic counselors may need to identify, work with and at times challenge patients’ understandings of illness
causality and inheritance. 相似文献
5.
Nathan Carlin 《Pastoral Psychology》2011,60(5):755-764
In this essay, I review a recent book that deals with the history of pastoral counseling. I offer an overview of the book,
some criticism of the book, and a discussion of how this book relates to my own work. I argue that what Susan Myers-Shirk
has identified as a “liberal moral sensibility” among pastoral counselors seems to have certain affinities with Peter Homans’s
“mourning religion” thesis. I suggest that this thesis can shed light on the divide between liberal and conservative pastoral
counselors, a divide that Myers-Shirk identifies, and that this thesis can build on Myers-Shirk’s historical work by providing
a rubric for understanding the relationship between private experience and public theory among liberal pastoral counselors.
I also suggest that Myers-Shirk should write a sequel to this book. 相似文献
6.
Karen Potter Powell Lianne Hasegawa Kirsty McWalter 《Journal of genetic counseling》2010,19(6):593-605
According to the 2008 National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) Professional Status Survey (PSS), 31 genetic counselor
respondents reported spending at least 50% of their time in the area of public health. The NSGC Public Health Special Interest
Group (PHSIG) had 49 dues-paying members in 2009. The purpose of this study was to identify the work settings and public health
activities in which genetic counselors participate. A novel online survey was disseminated over the NSGC PHSIG Listserv. Forty-one
percent (n = 13) of public health genetic counselor respondents worked in a university medical system, while 53% (n = 17) were grant-funded and held a non-clinical appointment. The most common public health activities included educating
healthcare professionals (82%) and community members (61%), research (55%), grant writing (55%) and grant administration (36%).
Most respondents (82%) reported learning certain public health skills outside of their genetic counseling training programs.
Differences in work settings were found, with a significantly greater percentage of public health genetic counselors working
in government agencies. Genetic counselors have opportunities to become involved in public health activities as the scope
of public health genetics grows. Furthermore, genetic counseling competencies are compatible with the Institute of Medicine’s
“10 Essential Public Health Services.” The NSGC and genetic counseling training programs are encouraged to offer more public
health learning opportunities for genetic counselors and genetic counseling students interested in this specialty area. 相似文献
7.
Elvira Zilliacus Bettina Meiser Elizabeth Lobb Kristine Barlow-Stewart Katherine Tucker 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(6):598-605
Telehealth is increasingly used for outreach service in cancer genetic counseling; however what occurs during the consultation
and the roles practitioners adopt is largely unknown. Fifteen practitioners participated in semi-structured interviews that
explored their roles within telehealth, compared to face-to-face consultations, and the relationship between practitioners
during telehealth. As they were not physically present with the patient, most participants felt that telehealth altered the
genetic clinician’s role to one of a ‘visiting specialist’. Genetic counselors described undertaking multiple roles during
the telehealth process. Two models of interaction were observed. The medical model reduced the interaction to a dyadic consultation
by having the genetic counselor off-screen and included minimal clinician meetings and supervision. The triadic co-facilitation
model incorporated a high level of information exchange, counselor autonomy and included the counselor onscreen. The co-facilitation
model offers a useful framework for telehealth genetic counselling, offering complementary roles between practitioners and
efficient service delivery. 相似文献
8.
Stieb JA 《Science and engineering ethics》2009,15(1):11-18
It has been claimed that (1) computer professionals should be held responsible for an undisclosed list of “undesirable events”
associated with their work and (2) most if not all computer disasters can be avoided by truly understanding responsibility.
Commentators of “A Critique of Positive Responsibility in Computing” argue that this is not Donald Gotterbarn’s view (Gotterbarn,
JSEE 14(2):235–239, 2008) but that a critique of the view nevertheless raises significant moral issues within computing such
as the ethical goals of a computing profession, the appropriate ethical stance toward bugs, and the public good with respect
to computing (Miller, JSEE 14(2):245–249, 2008). Commentators also argue that “A Critique”’s “profitable misreading” demonstrates
the “moral ecology” of organizations “dedicated narrowly to financial success” and that other “moral ecologies” that are customer
or quality driven can be shown to be more important or preeminent (Huff, JSEE 14(2):241–244, 2008). It is argued here that
(1) the hyper-inflated reading of Gotterbarn’s and Ladd’s views on positive responsibility persists despite Gotterbarn’s explicit
rejection of it, and that (2) such a reading of positive responsibility cannot be placed within a single moral ecology, nor
can a single moral ecology be shown to be any more important or preeminent than others.
Stieb, J. A. (2008). A critique of positive responsibility in computing. Science and Engineering Ethics,
14(2), 219–233. 相似文献
9.
Vija B. Lusebrink Ph.D. F. J. McGuigan Ph.D. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1989,24(2):58-62
McGuigan’s neuromuscular model of information processing (1978a, 1978b, and 1989) was investigated by electrically recording
eye movements (electro-oculograms), covert lip and preferred arm responses (electromyograms), and electroencephalograms. This
model predicts that codes are generated as the lips are uniquely activated when processing words beginning with bilabial sounds
like “p” or “b,” as is the right arm to words like “pencil” that refer to its use. Twelve adult female participants selected
for their high imagery ratings were asked to form images to three orally presented linguistic stimuli: the letter “p,” the
words “pencil” and “pasture,” and to a control stimulus, the words “go blank.” The following findings were significant beyond
the 0.05 level: an increased covert lip response only to the letter “p,” increased vertical eye activity to “p” and to the
word “pencil,” right arm response only to the word “pencil,” and a decreased percentage of alpha waves from the right 02 lead
only to the word “pasture.” Since these covert responses uniquely occurred during specific imagery processes, it is inferred
that they are components of neuromuscular circuits that function in accord with the model of information processing tested. 相似文献
10.
The Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered (FORCE) website is devoted to women at risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancers.
One of the most frequently discussed topics on the archived messaged board has been prophylactic mastectomy (PM) for women
with a BRCA1/2 mutation. We reviewed the messages, over a 4 year period, of 21 high risk women and their “conversational”
partners who originally posted on a thread about genetic testing, genetic counseling and family history. We used a qualitative
research inductive process involving close reading, coding and identification of recurrent patterns, relationships and processes
in the data. The women sought emotional support, specific experiential knowledge and information from each other. They frequently
found revealing their post PM status problematic because of possible negative reactions and adopted self-protective strategies
of evasion and concealment outside of their web-based community. The FORCE message board was considered to be a safe place
in which the women could be truthful about their choices and feelings. Results are discussed in terms of Goffman’s concepts
“stigma” and “disclosure” and Charmaz’s concepts “interruptions,” “intrusions” and a “dreaded future.” 相似文献
11.
Bates BR 《Journal of genetic counseling》2005,14(6):423-434
Critics of genetic discourse are concerned that deterministic and discriminatory views of genetics are increasingly becoming
adopted. These views argue that current genetic discourse becomes a source of power whereby powerful institutions harm people
with so-called “bad” genes. This essay argues that current analyses of the power of genetics discourse are grounded in an
improper reading that disempowers patients. Deploying Michel Foucault's concept “care of the self,” this essay claims that
genetics discourse is better understood as a way that patients take on power through rhetoric rather than a force that has
power over patients. Through a close reading of the “My Family Health Portrait” program, this paper argues that patients experience
a process of “subjection” wherein they become agents of and objects of genetics discourse both. This alternative mode of analyzing
the power of genetics discourse has implications for our collective understanding of the operations of the care of the self
and the uses of genetic information that we propose. 相似文献
12.
John Dewey and Bertrand Russell visited China at around the same time in 1920. Both profoundly influenced China during the
great transition period of this country. This article will focus on the differences between the two great figures that influenced
China in the 1920s. This comparison will examine the following five aspects: 1. Deweyanization vs. Russellization; 2. Dewey’s
“Populism” vs. Russell’s “Aristocraticism”; 3. Dewey’s “Syntheticalism” vs. Russell’s “Analyticalism”; 4. Dewey’s “Realism”
vs. Russell’s “Romanticism”; 5. Dewey’s “Conservatism” vs. Russell’s “Radicalism”. This examination will highlight that, although
their visit left indelible impressions among Chinese intellecturals, for the radical Marx–Leninists, any Western philosophy
and socio-political theories, including Dewey’s and Russell’s, were prejudicial, outworn, and even counterrevolutionary. Soon
“Marxi–Leninization” was gradually substituted for “Deweyanization” and “Russellization.” 相似文献
13.
Huston P 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(1):103-117
Part of the National Placebo Initiative in Canada included public consultations, based on the belief that the views of the
public should inform Canadian policy development on what constitutes appropriate placebo use. Public consultations took place
nationally in 2003. A deliberative dialogue approach was used, or a structured discussion format designed to facilitate the
consideration of complex issues and build consensus. The placebo debate was characterized as having 3 distinct approaches
and each were explored. The first approach “Maximize Patient Protection” identified the need for experts to determine appropriate
placebo use and that placebos should only be allowed under very restricted conditions. The second approach “Maximize Medical
Knowledge” identified that placebos give essential information about the safety and efficacy of new drugs, and are appropriate
when the rights, safety and well-being of research participants are ensured. The third approach “Maximize Patient Autonomy”
identified that the current system of regulating placebo use is paternalistic and that patients should be able to define what
is in their best interests and have more leeway to determine for themselves if they wish to participate in a placebo-controlled
trial. Advantages and disadvantages of each approach were considered and feedback on what constitutes appropriate placebo
use was sought. The major findings were that: PCTs were considered a valuable and acceptable part of advancing medical knowledge;
research using placebos must be valid and justifiable; a patient-centred approach needs to be fostered; patient autonomy (choice)
should be a first consideration and take clear precedence in trials of low to medium risk; patient protection (or health)
may need to “trump” patient autonomy at higher levels of risk and/or patient vulnerability; placebos are not a violation of
the duty of care as duty of care is best met by identifying a choice for patients, whenever a choice is available. These consultations
clearly were not designed to produce conclusive evidence, but rather to provide some useful insights into what the public
may think about placebo use; additional studies are indicated.
Funding for the public consultations was provided by Health Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “Placebo: Its Action and Place in Health Research
Today,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 12–13 April, 2003. 相似文献
14.
Simone Salemink Nicky Dekker Carolien M. Kets Erica van der Looij Wendy A. G. van Zelst-Stams Nicoline Hoogerbrugge 《Journal of genetic counseling》2013,22(1):118-124
During cancer genetic counseling, different items which counselors consider important are discussed. However, relatively little empirical evidence exists regarding the needs and preferences of counselees. In this study needs and preferences were assessed from counselees with a personal and/or family history of colorectal cancer (CRC), who were referred for genetic counseling regarding CRC. They received a slightly modified version of the QUOTE-GENEca questionnaire prior to their first visit to the Hereditary Cancer Clinic. Response rate was 60 % (48/80 participants). Counselees rated the importance of 45 items assessing their needs and preferences regarding the content and process of genetic counseling. Participants rated the items regarding discussion of information about their familial CRC risk (100 %) and preventive options (98 %) as important or very important. Fewer participants rated items concerning general information on genetics as important. Sensitive communication during counseling was considered very important by a large percentage of counselees. Generally, no major differences were seen between participants in relation to individual characteristics. Our data suggest that focusing on familial CRC risk and surveillance options, in combination with sensitive communication may lead to better satisfaction with genetic counseling. 相似文献
15.
Ahmed S Hewison J Green JM Cuckle HS Hirst J Thornton JG 《Journal of genetic counseling》2008,17(6):560-572
The aim of this study is to explore reasons for and against prenatal testing and termination for a range of conditions in
women from two different ethnic backgrounds. A total of 19 Pakistani and European women in West Yorkshire, UK, who either
had a child with a genetic condition or had terminated a pregnancy for one, completed a questionnaire about their attitudes
regarding prenatal testing and termination for 30 different fetal conditions and were interviewed about their reasons for
their responses. There were more similarities than differences between the Pakistani and European white women. The most important
factor in most women’s decisions about termination of pregnancy was their perception of the quality of the life of a child
with the genetic condition, in particular, whether the child would be “suffering.” This was described as either physical suffering,
as a result of medical treatment, or as emotional suffering, as a result of psychological and/or social factors. These findings
highlight the need for detailed information about the potential quality of life for the child and the child’s family to enable
parents to make informed choices, particularly the extent to which the child is likely to suffer, the nature of such potential
“suffering” and the extent to which the child could lead a “normal” life. The findings also challenge stereotypes about cultural
differences in attitudes about termination of pregnancy. 相似文献
16.
William Edward Morris 《Philosophia》2009,37(3):441-454
Although Hume has no developed semantic theory, in the heyday of analytic philosophy he was criticized for his “meaning empiricism,”
which supposedly committed him to a private world of ideas, led him to champion a genetic account of meaning instead of an
analytic one, and confused “impressions” with “perceptions of an objective realm.” But another look at Hume’s “meaning empiricism”
reveals that his criterion for cognitive content, the cornerstone both of his resolutely anti-metaphysical stance and his
naturalistic “science of human nature,” provides the basis for a successful response to his critics. Central to his program
for reforming philosophy, Hume’s use of the criterion has two distinct aspects: a critical or negative aspect, which assesses
the content of the central notions of metaphysical theories to demonstrate their unintelligibility; and a constructive or
positive aspect, which accurately determines the cognitive content of terms and ideas. 相似文献
17.
Dmitry Kurakin 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2010,44(3):227-234
Meaningful life is emotionally marked off. That’s the general point that Johansen (IPBS: Integrative Psychological & Behavioral
Science 44, 2010) makes which is of great importance. Fictional abstractions use to make the point even more salient. As an example I’ve examined
Borges’ famous fiction story. Along with the examples of Johansen it provides an informative case of exploring symbolic mechanisms
which bind meaning with emotions. This particular mode of analysis draws forth poetry and literature in general to be treated
as a “meaningful life laboratory”. Ways of explanation of emotional effect the art exercises on people, which had been disclosed
within this laboratory, however, constitute a significant distinction in terms that I have designated as “referential” and
“substantive”. The former appeals to something that has already been charged with emotional power, whereas the latter comes
to effect by means of special symbolic mechanisms creating the emotional experience within the situation. Johansen, who tends
to explain emotions exerted by the art without leaving the semiotic perspective, is drawn towards the “referential” type of
explanation. Based upon discussions in theory of metaphor and Robert Witkin’s sociological theory of arts it is demonstrated
an insufficient of “referential” explanation. To overcome a monopoly of “referential” explanation of emotional engagement,
in particular, in literature, means to break away from the way of reasoning, stating endless references to “something else”,
presupposing the existence of something already significant and therefore sharing its effects. 相似文献
18.
Daniel Halliday 《Philosophical Studies》2007,132(2):381-393
19.
Birger Siebert 《Studies in East European Thought》2005,57(3-4):305-317
The ideas of cultural-historical psychology have led to a new understanding of the human psyche as developing in the process
of the subject acting in social and historical contexts. Such a “non-classical” reinterpretation of psychological concepts
should be based on a theoretical and philosophical framework in order to explain genetic sources of these concepts. For this
purpose, Il’enkov’s philosophy is of great significance. This is illustrated by discussing a possible cultural-historical
understanding of the concept of intelligence.
“If we enrich Vygotsky’s ideas with Il’enkov’s basic postulates, modern psychology and pedagogy will take a considerable step
forward in study of the genesis and development of consciousness and of the individual subject of activity” (Davydov 1998,
92). 相似文献
20.
This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that belief in a genetic aetiology of schizophrenia will increase the stigma
associated with the disorder. Levels of five potentially stigmatising attitudes were compared in two groups of participants
who had read a vignette describing an individual who has schizophrenia. In one group the disorder was explained as being caused
by ‘genetic’ factors, and in the other by ‘environmental’ factors. This study found that three of the five potentially stigmatising
attitudes measured were increased when participants read a vignette with a genetic causation rather than an environmental
causation. Firstly, genetic attributions increased levels of associative stigma towards close relatives (p < 0.001). Secondly, participants viewed recovery as less likely when genetic factors were implicated as causative (p < 0.001). Finally, there was also an increased perception of the character’s “dangerousness” when the condition was explained
by genetic factors (p < 0.05). Contrary to previous research was the finding that perceived aetiology had no effect on participant’s desire for
social distance from an affected individual. Neither did perceived aetiology influence beliefs about moral accountability.
The implications of these findings suggest that genetic counsellors and other health professionals, who are providing genetic
information to those affected by schizophrenia should be aware of the possibility that a genetic explanation of schizophrenia
could increase potentially stigmatising attitudes towards their clients and their clients’ families. It is also possible that
individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia may themselves form deterministic interpretations of the genetic information
they receive and subsequently be less likely to adopt behavioural advice or adhere to treatment. Counsellors and health professionals
should strive to present information in a balanced manner, ensuring recipients understand the multi-factorial causes of the
disease. 相似文献