群组发展模型——干预研究的新方法

群组发展模型(group-based trajectory model,GBTM)是一种用于研究群体异质性的新方法,旨在识别群体内遵循不同发展轨迹的亚组,并描绘亚组成员特征。这一模型为干预研究提供了新的研究视角,群组发展模型不仅可以探讨干预是否引起分组比例变化,也关注干预对个体的发展轨迹的影响,并评估干预对不同轨迹组的效果差异。     

幼儿园组织氛围与教师专业发展结构模型研究

通过对317名教师的问卷调查,建立了幼儿园组织氛围与教师专业发展的结构模型。结果表明：（1）反思是幼儿园组织氛围作用于教师专业发展的重要中介变量;（2）幼儿园组织氛围对教师专业发展有直接或问接的影响,幼儿园支持氛围对教师职业倦怠的影响作用最大,研究氛围对教师专业认同的影响最大,支持氛围对教师教育效能感的影响最大;（3）幼儿园的支持氛围、研究氛围对教师专业发展的影响作用大于赋权氛围的影响。     

主观幸福感的干预研究述评

适应和设定点理论质疑主观幸福感能否改变,但研究证明一些干预措施可以增强主观幸福感.持续幸福模型总结了影响幸福感的三类因素,建议利用意向性活动改变幸福感.另有其它可行的干预方法.已有研究在方法和理论等方面存在局限,且缺少跨文化比较.     

儿童分类发展研究综述

分类研究是认知发展研究的一个重要领域。人类的分类能力是神奇的,我们所面对的世界如此千变万化,有数不清的事物和物体,每个人的经验又是如此的独特,但人们对于事物的分类是如此的一致。以至于很少有人做出错误的分类。例如,很少有人把马看成植物,把汽车当成动物,也很少有人会认为玩具熊具有跳动的心脏。我们对于这种能力的许多     

自然发展行为干预在孤独症早期干预中的应用

孤独症患病率的不断上升,加剧了对早期干预的需求,但传统行为干预有其局限性。自然发展行为干预(Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions, NDBI)是一类结合了行为原则和发展理论,并在自然情境中实施的孤独症早期干预方法。近年来,NDBI在国际范围内受到广泛关注,实证研究基础持续扩大。NDBI代表性干预方法包括：共同关注、象征性游戏、参与和调节,强化式情境教学,社交沟通-情绪调节-交往支持模式,关键反应训练,早期介入丹佛模式和教导父母成为社交教练等,这些方法具有共同的核心要素和特征,但目标领域和效果特点各有侧重。NDBI在促进孤独症儿童社交、语言、认知等领域的发展,以及降低家庭经济成本和提高儿童主动性等方面具有突出优势,在我国有广阔的应用前景。未来应围绕提高干预效果和扩展应用范围进行深入研究,包括厘清影响干预效果的预测因素与调节变量、探索有效的家长培训方法、探索不同干预方法和工具的结合等,同时在我国文化背景下推动NDBI的本土化研究和实践。     

组织吸引力研究述评

人才已经成为21世纪企业竞争获得发展优势的关键。然而,很多企业在吸引和留住人才方面仍然面临着许多困难和挑战。越来越多的企业开始重视起自身对人才的吸引力问题。本文对国内外比较具有代表性的组织吸引力文献进行了整理和分析,包括概念内涵、结构维度、测量以及影响因素几个方面,最后进行了总体评述,分析了以往研究的不足,并为未来研究提出了具体建议。     

主题还是分类学? 对事物分类倾向的发展研究

研究旨在探讨个体分类倾向的发展趋势与影响因素.实验一采用图片、文字两种方式呈现实验材料,并使用不同指导语.要求被试选择三个事物中关系更近的两个.结果表明,成人比儿童具有更显著的按照主题分类的倾向,实验材料的呈现方式对于被试分类倾向没有显著影响.实验二进一步考察了分类倾向的发展轨迹,随着年龄增长,个体按照主题划分事物的倾向增强,由倾向于按照分类学规则向按照主题分类的转变可能发生在小学低中年级之间.     

基于人格特征的即时通讯软件用户分类模型

根据即时通讯(instantmessaging,IM)软件工具使用行为的差异将用户划分为两类,使用“大五人格问卷”获取了该两类IM用户的人格特征测量数据。统计分析结果表明,上述两类用户在“适应性”和“社交性”因子上的得分存在显著差异,而在“开放性”、“利他性”和“道德感”三个因子上的得分差异不显著。据此,以用户在“适应性”与“社交性”因子上的得分为输入和用户的分类类别为输出,构建了IM用户基于人格特征的BP神经网络分类模型。对模型的拟合度检验表明,该模型可利用人格测量数据对IM用户进行有效分类。     

评介一种新的知觉分类模型:EGCM

分类是将事物归属于某一类别的认知操作。它是一项重要的认知能力,同时也是各种复杂认知活动的基础。半个世纪以来,分类研究从对类标准的发展变化、影响分类结果的因素等问题的考察,发展到对相似性的实质、类别表征的性质等核心问题的探讨,呈现出逐渐深化的趋势。随着研究的深入,分类认知加工过程中的许多细节也引起了人们的重视,比如关于分类的时间进程问题。九十年代以来,     

分类中相似性的理论与模型

相似性在分类的原型理论、样例理论、定义理论和理论解释观中都扮演着重要的角色。人们对相似性的研究由来已久,但是它在分类的领域中至今仍是一个相对模糊的概念,这部分地由于揭示相似性的真正机制将涉及到复杂的信息加工过程。本文以分类中的相似性为出发点介绍了近期相似性研究的一些理论与模型并在此基础上对概念和分类领域中的相似性研究进行了分析和总结。     

麦氏人格模型与大五人格模型的比较

本文对目前国内外心理学界较为流行的两种人格模型理论进行了比较,从模型的相关性、研究基础、模型结构和描述语言上分别予以了分析,最后揭示出两个模型的本质特点并对其在实践领域的应用提出了一点建议。     

The Oldest Typology of Argumentation Schemes

The Rhetoric to Alexander (about 340 B.C.) contains a list of proofs (pisteis) and other types of argumentation which may be seen as the oldest surviving typology of argumentation schemes (avant la lettre). In the present article this typology is derived and compared with modern proposals. The conclusion is that the oldest typology is surprisingly similar to the most recent classifications.     

工作场所中越轨行为的定义、特性与分类体系解析

在文献回顾的基础上,系统整理、分析了越轨行为的定义、工作场所中越轨行为的特性和分类体系3个问题,并提出如下建议：（1）应当高度重视工作场所中越轨行为的研究;（2）工作场所中的越轨行为可以定义为“组织成员有意采取的针对其他组织成员或组织财物、且违反组织重要的主流规范的行为,其结果在客观上会出现共赢、损人利己、损己利人和损人损己4种情形”;（3）应当建立和完善符合中国国情的工作场所越轨行为分类体系。     

A Typology of Teacher-Rated Child Behavior for a National U.S. Sample

The purpose of the current study was to build on the emerging effort to produce a meaningful typology of classroom behavior for elementary school age children. The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) Teacher Rating Scales for Children (TRS-C) norming data were collected for 1,227 six- to eleven-year-old children at 116 sites representing various regions of the United States. The TRS-C has 148 items that are rated by the teacher on a 4-point scale of frequency, ranging from Never to Almost always. The Ward method of cluster analysis was used to identify the initial centroids or cluster seeds. An iterative clustering method, a K-means procedure, was used to refine the Ward cluster solution. A seven-cluster solution was selected based on both rational and empirical considerations. The resulting clusters were named well-adapted, average, learning disorder, disruptive behavior disorder, physical complaints and worry, severe psychopathology, and mildly disruptive. The seven-cluster solution resembles those of Achenbach (1991), Curry and Thompson (1985), and other researchers. The resulting typology points the way toward future cluster studies of child psychopathology by delineating additional research and theoretical questions.     

A Typology of Ideological Attitudes Towards Social Solidarity and Social Control

Research on ideological attitudes has identified two main dimensions that refer to two fundamental features of group organization: social solidarity and social control. In response to prior research that has studied their relationship mainly from a correlational perspective, this paper introduces a social reality model based on psychological functionality of ideological attitudes. Social position variables (education, income and material vulnerability) and insecurity variables (fear of crime and distrust) are used to predict the interplay between ideological attitudes towards social solidarity and social control. Using K‐means cluster analysis, a typology with four patterns of support for solidarity and control (‘socials’, ‘repressives’, ‘minimalists’ and ‘social‐repressives’) was created, on the basis of representative survey data for the UK, France and Germany (N = 7034). Results from logistic regression analyses show that the proposed social reality model explains membership in typology categories, with similar results across the three countries. Overall, the model underscores the social origins of ideological attitudes as functional responses to perceived social reality. The paper illustrates how the social psychological study of ideological attitudes may be enriched by a typological approach that examines patterns of attitudes rather than single dimensions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Applying Cluster Analysis to Test a Typology of Homelessness by Pattern of Shelter Utilization: Results from the Analysis of Administrative Data

This study tests a typology of homelessness using administrative data on public shelter use in New York City (1988–1995) and Philadelphia (1991–1995). Cluster analysis is used to produce three groups (transitionally, episodically, and chronically homeless) by number of shelter days and number of shelter episodes. Results show that the transitionally homeless, who constitute approximately 80% of shelter users in both cities, are younger, less likely to have mental health, substance abuse, or medical problems, and to overrepresent Whites relative to the other clusters. The episodically homeless, who constitute 10% of shelter users, are also comparatively young, but are more likely to be non-White, and to have mental health, substance abuse, and medical problems. The chronically homeless, who account for 10% of shelter users, tend to be older, non-White, and to have higher levels of mental health, substance abuse, and medical problems. Differences in health status between the episodically and chronically homeless are smaller, and in some cases the chronically homeless have lower rates (substance abuse in New York; serious mental illness in Philadelphia). Despite their relatively small number, the chronically homeless consume half of the total shelter days. Results suggest that program planning would benefit from application of this typology, possibly targeting the transitionally homeless with preventive and resettlement assistance, the episodically homeless with transitional housing and residential treatment, and the chronically homeless with supported housing and long-term care programs.     

A Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Reading Fluency Interventions on Comprehension

Abstract

Brief experimental analyses were conducted using two dependent variables to evaluate the effectiveness of reading interventions. Specifically reading rate (words read correctly per minute) and mean reading comprehension levels for six students with reading difficulties were obtained using six different reading intervention/intervention combinations. These interventions included contingent reinforcement, listening passage preview, repeated reading, listening passage preview with contingent reinforcement, repeated reading with contingent reinforcement, and repeated reading with listening passage preview. Results suggested that no one intervention was best for all students. In addition, it was found that interventions that increased reading rate for half of the students also increased reading comprehension for the same students. Discussion focuses on student-treatment interactions, measuring student reading performance, matching treatments to students, and directions for future research.     

癌症患者及其照顾者家庭尊严干预的应用进展

从癌症患者及其照顾者视角出发,对家庭尊严干预发展历程及特征、实施步骤、应用人群及效果、未来我国深入开展相关研究的启示及展望4个方面进行探讨。家庭尊严干预在我国尚处于探索阶段,其长期应用效果和在不同人群中实施的可行性和有效性还需进一步研究验证。临床医护人员应通过创建具有中国特色的家庭尊严干预新模式、拓展区域医疗中心合作研究、优化家庭尊严干预实施步骤、深化家庭成员支持研究来促进我国尊严干预研究的深入发展,以更好维护患者及其照顾者的尊严,提升尊严干预质量。

     

The Nature of School Bullying and the Effectiveness of School-Based Interventions

School bullying has become a topic of public concern and considerable research in various countries around the world in the last two decades. We summarise characteristics such as types and causes of school bullying, based on findings from various studies. We further review a variety of large-scale, school-based intervention programmes, implemented in different countries and school settings, that have been systematically evaluated. These programmes have varied substantially in their effectiveness in reducing levels of bullying at schools. Reasons for these mixed outcomes are discussed, together with suggestions for improving the effectiveness of future interventions.