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1.
We investigated whether two dogs that had been specially trained to retrieve objects by their names were able to integrate
information about the identity (What) as well as the location (Where) of those objects so that they could plan their search accordingly. In a first study, two sets of objects were placed in
two separate rooms and subjects were asked to retrieve the objects, one after the other. Both dogs remembered the identity
of the objects as they reliably retrieved the correct objects. One of the dogs was also able to integrate information about
the object’s location as he chose the correct location in which the object had been placed. Further investigation of the second
dog’s behavior revealed that she followed a more stereotyped search strategy. Despite this variation in performance, this
study provides evidence for the memory of What and Where in a domestic dog and shows the prospective use of such information in a search task. 相似文献
2.
Dogs can use the placement of an arbitrary marker to locate hidden food in an object-choice situation. We tested domestic
dogs (Canis familiaris) in three studies aimed at pinning down the relative contributions of the human’s hand and the marker itself. We baited one
of two cups (outside of the dogs’ view) and gave the dog a communicative cue to find the food. Study 1 systematically varied
dogs’ perceptual access to the marker placing event, so that dogs saw either the whole human, the hand only, the marker only,
or nothing. Follow-up trials investigated the effect of removing the marker before the dog’s choice. Dogs used the marker
as a communicative cue even when it had been removed prior to the dog’s choice and attached more importance to this cue than
to the hand that placed it although the presence of the hand boosted performance when it appeared together with the marker.
Study 2 directly contrasted the importance of the hand and the marker and revealed that the effect of the marker diminished
if it had been associated with both cups. In contrast touching both cups with the hand had no effect on performance. Study
3 investigated whether the means of marker placement (intentional or accidental) had an effect on dogs’ choices. Results showed
that dogs did not differentiate intentional and accidental placing of the marker. These results suggest that dogs use the
marker as a genuine communicative cue quite independently from the experimenter’s actions. 相似文献
3.
Our aim was to evaluate how human beliefs affect working dog outcomes in an applied environment. We asked whether beliefs
of scent detection dog handlers affect team performance and evaluated relative importance of human versus dog influences on
handlers’ beliefs. Eighteen drug and/or explosive detection dog/handler teams each completed two sets of four brief search
scenarios (conditions). Handlers were falsely told that two conditions contained a paper marking scent location (human influence).
Two conditions contained decoy scents (food/toy) to encourage dog interest in a false location (dog influence). Conditions
were (1) control; (2) paper marker; (3) decoy scent; and (4) paper marker at decoy scent. No conditions contained drug or
explosive scent; any alerting response was incorrect. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used with search condition
as the independent variable and number of alerts as the dependent variable. Additional nonparametric tests compared human
and dog influence. There were 225 incorrect responses, with no differences in mean responses across conditions. Response patterns
differed by condition. There were more correct (no alert responses) searches in conditions without markers. Within marked
conditions, handlers reported that dogs alerted more at marked locations than other locations. Handlers’ beliefs that scent
was present potentiated handler identification of detection dog alerts. Human more than dog influences affected alert locations.
This confirms that handler beliefs affect outcomes of scent detection dog deployments. 相似文献
4.
Recently, (Collier-Baker E, Davis JM, Suddendorf T (2004) J Comp Psychol 118:421–433) suggested that domestic dogs do not
understand invisible displacements. In the present study, we further investigated the hypothesis that the search behavior
of domestic dogs in invisible displacements is guided by various visual cues inherent to the task rather than by mental representation
of an object’s past trajectory. Specifically, we examined the role of the experimenter as a function of the final position
of the displacement device in the search behavior of domestic dogs. Visible and invisible displacement problems were administered
to dogs (N = 11) under two conditions. In the Visible-experimenter condition, the experimenter was visible whereas in the Concealed-experimenter
condition, the experimenter was visibly occluded behind a large rigid barrier. Our data supported the conclusion that dogs
do not understand invisible displacements but primarily search as a function of the final position of the displacement device
and, to a lesser extent, the position of the experimenter. 相似文献
5.
E. K. Davydova 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1988,23(3):95-101
Analysis of the available data and that of the author disclosed the peculiarities of motor reaction when used as a conditioned
stimulus. The author’s data showed that if signal value is attributed to a motor reaction (passive movement or movement evoked
by the direct stimulation of the motor cortex), the changes of excitability in the motor cortex representation of the dog’s
leg depend on the biological sign of the reinforcing stimulus during classic conditioning. They also remained the same during
instrumental conditioning and were opposite in sign, showed increased excitability in the food situation, and decreased excitability
in the defense situation. Using the movement as a conditional stimulus, we managed to uncover the commonality between classic
and instrumental conditioning. This enabled us to answer questions, discussed by Pavlov and Guthrie, which, it seems to us,
had not been convincingly answered during their time. 相似文献
6.
Antoine Clarion Carolina Ramon Claire Petit André Dittmar J. P. Bourgeay Aymeric Guillot Claudine Gehin Eric McAdams Christian Collet 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(3):882-888
In the field of cognitive ergonomics, research on car drivers requires multimodal in-vehicle systems for recording not only
driving-related behavior, but also contextual information from their surroundings. In addition, reliable information concerning
a driver’s functional state should be obtained. In this article, we describe an integrated device simultaneously recording
specific physiological data, video recordings of the driver and environment, parameters from the vehicle, and contextual data.
Physiological signals from the autonomic nervous system provide objective and quantitative information on the driver’s alertness
and his/her ability to process specific driving-related stimuli or other nonspecific information. Consequently, recorded physiological
responses can be related to individual driving events. Electrodermal and cardiac activities are sensitive to time-dependent
variations in arousal level and to certain external stimuli, so there is great interest in studying drivers’ behavior via
measured physiological signals that have been established as suitable behavioral indicators. The present integrated device
is capable of processing the relevant indices from raw measured data in real time. 相似文献
7.
Reto Givel 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2007,10(4):335-338
Even if together we could make poverty history, we would not all do our part. The paper presents a device that makes it more
likely for everybody to do his part. This is achieved by making everybody’s contribution dependent on the other people’s commitment
to contribute given that certain conditions are fulfilled. Furthermore, a device is introduced which, based on the same general
idea, doubles everybody’s donation. Finally, possibilities, assumptions and limitations of such devices are addressed. 相似文献
8.
Cynthia Willett 《Continental Philosophy Review》2012,45(1):1-22
Perhaps no other novel has received as much attention from moral philosophers as South African writer J. M. Coetzee’s Disgrace. The novel is ethically compelling and yet no moral theory explains its force. Despite clear Kantian moments, neither rationalism
nor self-respect can account for the strange ethical task that the protagonist sets for himself. Calling himself the dog man,
like the ancient Cynics, this shamelessly cynical protagonist takes his cues for ethics not from humans but from animals.
He does not however claim much in the way of empathy or understanding of animals, and his own odd motives remain a puzzle
throughout the stages of his ethical transformation. Many scholars approach Coetzee’s text through an ethics of alterity,
and even argue that Disgrace is exemplary in this regard. Kristeva’s rendition of alterity ethics brings us close to the novel’s vision, and yet the novel
points towards a more primordial basis for ethics in the search for meaning through the human encounter with other animal
species. 相似文献
9.
The Association of Externalizing Behavior and Parent–Child Relationships: An Intergenerational Study
Judith S. Brook Jung Yeon Lee Stephen J. Finch Elaine N. Brown 《Journal of child and family studies》2012,21(3):418-427
We investigated the influence of the child’s behavior on the quality of the mutual parent–child attachment relationships across
three generations. We did so using a prospective longitudinal study which spanned 20 years from adolescence through adulthood.
Study participants completed in-class questionnaires as students in the East Harlem area of New York City at the first wave
and provided follow-up data at 4 additional points in time. 390 participants were included in these analyses; 59% female,
45% African American, and 55% Puerto Rican. Using structural equation modeling, we determined that externalizing behavior
in the child was negatively related to the mutual parent–child attachment relationship for two generations of children. We
also found continuity in externalizing behavior for the participant over time and from the participant to his/her child. Additionally,
we found continuity in the quality of the mutual attachment relationship from the participant’s relationship with his/her
parents to the participant’s relationship with his/her child. Finally, the mutual attachment relationship of the participant
with his/her parents had a negative association with the participant’s externalizing behavior in adulthood. Based on these
results, we propose that family interventions should focus on the role of the child’s externalizing behavior in the context
of the parent–child attachment relationship. Furthermore, we suggest that prevention programs should address externalizing
behavior as early as possible, as the effects of externalizing behavior in adolescence can persist into adulthood and extend
to the next generation. 相似文献
10.
Henry S. Richardson 《The Journal of Ethics》2006,10(4):419-462
Martha Nussbaum has powerfully argued in Frontiers ofJustice and elsewhere that John Rawls’s sort of social-contract theory cannot usefully be deployed to deal with issues pertaining
to justice for the disabled. To counter this claim, this article deploys Rawls’s sort of social-contract theory in order to
deal with issues pertaining to justice for the disabled—or, since, as Nussbaum stresses, we all have some degree of disability—for
the severely disabled. In this way, rather than questioning one by one Nussbaum’s interpretive claims about Rawls’s view,
one can simply see how the Rawlsian framework can work in application to this issue.
Following Rawls’s lead, the paper utilizes the idealized “initial choice situation” as an analytic and comparative device
for examining alternative principles of justice, developing three different interpretations of the initial choice situation
that each correspond to a different set of principles that apply to people of all levels of disability. One of these sets
of principles is a simple extension of Rawls’s, one is very close to what Nussbaum herself recommends, and the third is a
kind of hybrid. In this way, it is shown not only that Rawls’s social-contract device can usefully be applied to these issues,
but also that it is helpful for exploring the deep commitments underlying each of these competing sets of principles.
This extension to Rawls’s device clearly departs to some extent from his intentions; but the paper argues that the ideal of
reciprocity, which might be thought to pose the biggest obstacle to applying his social-contract device to issues pertaining
to the severely disabled (those who are not capable of being cooperative members of society), is not an independently essential
commitment of his mature social-contract view, central though it was to Rawls’s thought in the 1950s. 相似文献
11.
Bacon and Egeth (1994) proposed that observed instances of attentional capture by feature singletons (e.g., color) were the
result of a salience-based strategy adopted by subjects (singleton detection mode) and, thus, were not automatic. They showed that subjects could override capture by adopting strategies based on searching
for specific target features (feature search mode). However, Theeuwes (2004) has recently argued that Bacon and Egeth’s results arose from experimental confounds. He elaborated
a model in which attentional capture must be expected when salient distractors fall within a spatialwindow of attention. According to Theeuwes’s (2004) model, there exist two essential criteria for examining stimulus-driven capture.
First, search latencies cannot increase with display size, since the search must be parallel; second, the salience of the
irrelevant distractor must not be compromised by characteristics of the search display. Contrary to the predictions of Theeuwes’s
(2004) model, we provide evidence that involuntary capture can be overridden when both of these criteria are met. Our results
are consistent with Bacon and Egeth’s proposal. 相似文献
12.
Geertje Leflot Pol A. C. van Lier Patrick Onghena Hilde Colpin 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(6):869-882
The role of teacher behavior management for children’s disruptive behavior development (hyperactive and oppositional behavior)
was investigated using a universal classroom preventive intervention study. Five-hundred seventy children were followed from
second to third grade of elementary school. Observations of teacher behavior management and children’s on-task and off-task
classroom behavior and peer reports of hyperactive and oppositional behavior were available. Results showed that the reduced
use of negative remarks of intervention teachers predicted children’s increase in on-task behavior and decrease in talking-out
behavior. These improved children’s classroom behaviors in turn mediated the impact of the intervention on the development
of hyperactive and oppositional behavior over the studied period. These results were similar for girls and boys. The results
underscore the role of teachers’ classroom management strategies in improving children’s classroom behavior, which, in turn
is an important component in the reduction of disruptive behavior development. 相似文献
13.
In three spatial precuing experiments, we demonstrate attentional capture by an intersection that occurs (1) between two lines
that are not part of an enclosed object, and (2) between a line in the cuing array that is not physically present during target
search and the invisible circumference of a perceptual circle formed by the elements in the target array. This capture effect
conceptually replicates Cole, Gellatly, and Blurton’s (2001)corner enhancement effect, in which responses are faster for targets presented near an object’s corners rather than along its straight edges. However,
it extends that effect by showing that it occurs even when the intersection is not part of an enclosed object and is not physically
present during target search. More important, our capture effect occurred even though the target’s position was not designated
by a perceptually distinctive feature and was not predicted by the intersection’s position. Thus, it seems that a line intersection—whether
it be real or imaginary—automatically captures visual—spatial attention, contrary to Folk, Remington, and Johnston’s (1992)
and Gibson and Kelsey’s (1998) views that such an involuntary capture of spatial attention is contingent on attentional control
settings. 相似文献
14.
Although the use of semantic information about the world seems ubiquitous in every task we perform, it is not clear whether
we rely on a scene’s semantic information to guide attention when searching for something in a specific scene context (e.g.,
keys in one’s living room). To address this question, we compared contribution of a scene’s semantic information (i.e., scene
gist) versus learned spatial associations between objects and context. Using the flash-preview–moving-window paradigm Castelhano
and Henderson (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 33:753–763, 2007), participants searched
for target objects that were placed in either consistent or inconsistent locations and were semantically consistent or inconsistent
with the scene gist. The results showed that learned spatial associations were used to guide search even in inconsistent contexts,
providing evidence that scene context can affect search performance without consistent scene gist information. We discuss
the results in terms of hierarchical organization of top-down influences of scene context. 相似文献
15.
For group-living animals, it is crucial to distinguish one’s own group members from those of other groups. Studies applying
operant conditioning revealed that monkeys living in relatively small groups are able to recognize their own group members
when tested with photographs of group members and other conspecifics. Employing a simple looking time paradigm, we here show
that Barbary macaques living in two social groups comprising 46 and 57 individuals, respectively, at the enclosure ‘La Forêt
des Singes’ at Rocamadour are able to spontaneously distinguish photographs of members of their own group from those depicting
animals that belong to another group. This ability appears to develop with age, as juveniles did not discriminate between
members of their own group and another group, although they showed generally more interest in the pictures than did adults.
Juveniles frequently displayed picture directed behaviours such as lip-smacking, touching and sniffing in both conditions,
indicating that the stimuli were highly salient to them. In conclusion, it appears that at least adult monkeys are able to
memorize the faces of a large number of individuals. Whether the difference in behaviour is based on individual recognition
of one’s own group members or simply the discrimination based on familiarity remains unresolved. However, both mechanisms
would be sufficient for group membership identification. 相似文献
16.
Stacy L. Frazier Marc S. Atkins Laura Hess Olson Aaron R. Lyon 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(3):152-158
The present study proposed to understand how same-sex and other-sex peer nominations relate differently to teacher reports
of children’s behaviors and measures of children’s friendships. Students provided peer nominations, mutual friend data, and
social network data. Teachers rated students’ antisocial behavior and social competence. As expected, other-sex peer social
preference scores predicted teacher ratings of antisocial behavior, while same-sex peer social preference scores predicted
data on friendships and social groups. Unexpectedly, both same and other sex peer nominations predicted children’s teacher-rated
social competence. Findings suggest that other-sex peers offer a unique perspective on children’s social behavior that is
neither superfluous nor unimportant to understanding children’s psychosocial adjustment. 相似文献
17.
Data were obtained from 46 mother-child pairs from the Child Behavior Institute (CBI) at the University of Tennessee. These
mother-child dyads were referred for psychological help because of the child’s aversive behavior. Child-parent interactions
were quantified using a multi-code, observational system. Correlational and multiple regression analyses (stepwise) were conducted
to find the best predictor of the child’s aversive behavior. Results showed that the child’s aversive behavior was significantly
correlated with the mother’s aversive, indiscriminate, and compliance behaviors. The regression analysis showed mother’s aversive
behavior to be the best predictor of the child’s aversive behavior. Moreover, our results seem to point out that the compliance
hypothesis is more effective in predicting child aversive behavior than the predictability hypotheses. It appears that since
the two hypotheses are dealing with similar processes, they are more complementary than oppositional.
This study used data collected by the Child Behavior Institute (CBI) at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. The authors
are indebted to Robert Wahler, Michael Smith, and Sue Dunn for their helpful comments on this paper. 相似文献
18.
Dogs can learn effectively to detour around a V-shaped fence after observing a demonstration from either an unfamiliar human
or dog demonstrator. We found earlier that there is substantial individual variation between the dogs’ performance, even when
using the same experimental conditions. Here, we investigate if the subjects’ relative dominance rank with other dogs had
an effect on their social learning performance. On the basis of the owners’ answers to a questionnaire, subjects from multi-dog
homes were sorted into groups of dominant and subordinate dogs. In Experiment 1, dominant and subordinate dogs were tested
without demonstration and we did not find any difference between the groups—they had similarly low detour performances on
their own. In Experiment 2 and 3, dogs from single dog and multi-dog households were tested in the detour task with demonstration
by an unfamiliar dog, or human, respectively. The results showed that social learning performance of the single dogs fell
between the dominant and subordinate multi-dogs with both dog and human demonstration. Subordinate dogs displayed significantly
better performance after having observed a dog demonstrator in comparison to dominant dogs. In contrast, the performance of
dominant and subordinate dogs was almost similar, when they observed a human demonstrator. These results suggest that perceived
dominance rank in its own group has a strong effect on social learning in dogs, but this effect seems to depend also on the
demonstrator species. This finding reveals an intricate organization of the social structure in multi-dog households, which
can contribute to individual differences existing among dogs. 相似文献
19.
Many species have been shown to encode multiple sources of information to orient. To examine what kinds of information animals
use to locate a goal we manipulated cue rotation, cue availability, and inertial orientation when the food-storing Clark’s
nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) was searching for a hidden goal in a circular arena. Three groups of birds were used, each with a different goal–landmark
distance. As the distance between the goal and the landmark increased, nutcrackers were less accurate in finding the correct
direction to the goal than they were at estimating the distance (Experiment 1). To further examine what cues the birds were
using to calculate direction, the featural cues within the environment were rotated by 90° and the birds were either oriented
when searching (Experiments 2 and 3) or disoriented (Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, all distinctive visual cues were removed
(both internal and external to the environment), a novel point of entry was used and the birds were either oriented or disoriented.
We found that disorienting the nutcrackers so that they could not use inertial cues did not influence the birds’ total search
error. The birds relied heavily but not completely on cues within the environment, as rotating available cues caused them
to systematically shift their search behavior. In addition, the birds also relied to some extent on Earth-based cues. These
results show the flexible nature of cue use by the Clark’s nutcracker. Our study shows how multiple sources of spatial information
may be important for extracting multiple bearings for navigation. 相似文献
20.
Pol A. C. van Lier Anja Huizink Patricia Vuijk 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(1):45-57
Having friends who engage in disruptive behavior in childhood may be a risk factor for childhood tobacco experimentation.
This study tested the role of friends’ disruptive behavior as a mediator of the effects of a classroom based intervention
on children’s tobacco experimentation. 433 Children (52% males) were randomly assigned to the Good Behavior Game (GBG) intervention,
a universal preventive intervention targeting disruptive behavior, and facilitating positive prosocial peer interactions.
Friends’ disruptive behavior was assessed from age 7–10 years. Participants’ experimentation with tobacco was assessed annually
from age 10–13. Reduced rates in tobacco experimentation and friends’ disruptive behavior were found among GBG children, as
compared to controls. Support for friends’ disruptive behavior as a mediator in the link between intervention status and tobacco
experimentation was found. These results remained after controlling for friends’ and parental smoking status, and child ADHD
symptoms. The results support the role of friends’ disruptive behavior in preadolescents’ tobacco experimentation. 相似文献