我国中学语文和历史教学目标分类取向的研究

本研究采用文献研究法,查阅了2000年以来中学语文和历史教案共303篇,对教案中教学目标的相关信息作点计数据处理,并进行卡方检验,结果表明:⒈近几年来我国中学语文和历史教学绝大多数采用布卢姆的教育目标分类取向;⒉两者的教学目标侧重于认知领域;⒊两者在认知和情感领域的目标要求学生达到的水平偏低,在动作技能领域的目标要求学生达到的水平偏高;⒋中学历史教学目标中对动作技能领域的理解有偏差;⒌两者在认知和情感领域的教学目标陈述时用词单一或含糊,而动作技能领域教学目标的陈述较清晰。研究结果提示,提高广大一线教师有关教学目标的分类理论及科学地运用教学目标的陈述技术仍有很长的路要走。     

布卢姆的教育目标分类及其对教师自编测验的启示

布卢姆和其助手在1956年发表了关于教育目标分类理论,随后对其理论进行了科学性的修订,他的教育目标分类理论对于教育界有着深远的影响。布卢姆教育目标分类理论的运用很广泛,其对教师自编问卷的影响也是毋庸置疑的,教育目标分类理论的提出提高了教师自编问卷的科学性。但是即使布卢姆的教育目标分类理论重新修订后,仍存在着难以对创造力和认知策略考察的缺点,因此,教师在评价学生的时候应注意,除了借助于所编制出来的测验也需要结合学生的平时表现以及学习方法进行客观评价。     

成就目标分类的情景实验研究

成就目标理论是目前成就动机领域的研究热点问题之一。本研究采用情景实验法十自我报告相结合的形式,以初中三年级学生为被试,以指导语形式学习目标组、成绩一接近目标组和成绩一回避目标组。结果表明：①三个成就目标组在认知方面具有差异,②三个成就目标组在行为表现上具有不同特点,③三个成就目标组在情感方面不存在差异。此结果基本证实三种分类的存在,这不仅为深入研究成就目标理论提供了依据,也促进了成就目标理论的发展与完善,而且对当前的教育教学改革有着一定的指导意义。     

试析学习反馈的分类

近年来,学习反馈问题日益受到人们的重视,理论研究和实际应用都在增多。但是,关于学习反馈分类的探讨,至今仍显得比较薄弱。本文试从学习反馈的主体和对象、内容和形式、目的和结果等六个角度对学习反馈进行分类,以展示学习反馈的意义和加强对它的应用。一、依主体和对象分类学习反馈是“将学习的结果提供给学生”①。谁来提供反馈信息,即谁是学     

认知诊断测验的属性分类一致性和分类准确性指标

分类一致性和分类准确性是衡量考试信效度的两个重要评价指标。基于项目反应理论下分类一致性和分类准确性指标,提出认知诊断测验的属性(模式)分类一致性和分类准确性指标,讨论分类一致性指标、分类准确性指标与属性估计误差之间的关系,并由属性掌握概率的估计标准误推导出属性分类准确性的上限。结果显示:属性(模式)分类一致性可准确估计重测一致性;分类准确性指标计算简单,可准确估计认知诊断测验的判准率。     

课堂教学的情感目标分类

课堂教学的情感测评一直是教学心理学和教学实践亟待解决的问题,本文借鉴布鲁姆情感目标分类思想,从情感教学心理学原理出发,并在我国大量教学实践经验的基础上,尝试构建较为符合我国教学实际情况的三维度四层次的课堂教学情感目标分类框架,以冀为进一步编制有关的课堂教学的情感测评工具提供理论基础。     

职业冲击的新分类及不同理论视角下的影响效应

已有研究大多以职业冲击的影响结果为划分依据,将其区分为正面职业冲击(意外加薪等)和负面职业冲击(意外失业等)。然而,由于忽略了个体认知差异或时间等因素,这种分类方式有失偏颇。基于压力认知评价理论,对职业冲击提出新的分类方式——挑战性和阻碍性职业冲击;并依据所提出的新分类方式,基于压力认知评价理论、工作要求-资源模型、情感事件理论和事件系统理论,提出了基于多视角的职业冲击作用机制整合模型。     

非监控类别学习的分类策略与表征

类别学习是人类对不同类别加以归类的过程。类别信息的表征、分类策略运用的特点一直是类别学习研究的重点。非监控类别学习可分为直接的非监控类别学习和间接的非监控类别学习。直接的非监控类别学习(非限制任务, 限制任务)中被试的分类策略具有分类“单维度倾向”策略特点,类别变异程度会影响类别表征; 间接的非监控类别学习更倾向形成相似性表征, 直接的非监控类别学习则为基于规则表征。现有的非监控类别学习的理论对分类策略和表征的解释仍显薄弱, 不同学习任务下类别迁移和知识效应的研究还存在不足, 未来研究还需要进一步验证知识效应对非监控类别学习的认知加工过程的影响、探索影响类别表征形成的因素等问题。     

公平敏感性研究述评

公平敏感性是基于对Adams公平理论的批评提出来的,反映的是人们在公平问题上的个体差异性。该文首先对公平敏感性概念的提出与修正进行了回顾,并介绍了公平敏感性的测量方法和分类标准;然后分析了公平敏感性对于结果变量的直接及调节效应,个人及社会文化因素对公平敏感性的影响,并介绍了公平敏感性的跨文化比较;最后指出该领域未来的研究应着重澄清对概念理解的差异,改进分类标准,加强对公平敏感性影响因素以及中国人公平敏感性的研究     

类别学习中两种学习模式的比较研究：分类学习与推理学习

采用学习迁移任务范式,使用基于单一特征的类别判断技术,比较了非线性分离结构下,分类学习和推理学习的学习效率、学习过程与策略和学习结果。结果表明：在学习效率上,分类学习比推理学习更好地习得了含有较多样例的类别知识,分类学习的速度上显著快于推理学习。在学习的过程与策略上,推理学习比分类学习更为关注类别内不同特征的相关,但在分类策略的运用上不如分类学习灵活。在学习的结果上,推理学习倾向于原型记忆,分类学习倾向于进行样例记忆,分类学习比推理学习更好地掌握了类别原型     

Preference exploration and learning: the role of intensiveness and extensiveness of experience

In this article, the authors partition the construct of experience into intensiveness (i.e., amount) and extensiveness (i.e., breadth) and examine the impact of the two specific types of experience on preference learning. In the first three studies, the authors' theory that experience can be partitioned into intensiveness (i.e., amount) and extensiveness (i.e., breadth) of experience and that extensiveness has a greater impact on preference learning is supported in environments where prior experience is measured. Further, in study 4 they demonstrate that extensiveness or breadth of experience exerts a larger influence on preference learning in an experiment where each unique type of experience is manipulated as well as measured.     

汉语儿童英语语音特征内隐与外显学习的比较研究

实验选取64个英文单词为实验材料,以不同的分类方式为自变量．探讨在给予高强度练习和准确反馈的前提下．汉语儿童完成同时具有显著性特征(字母组合)维度和非显著性特征(发音)维度的英语语音分类任务时,内隐学习和外显学习各自的特点,发现(1)在及时分类条件下,有显著的内隐学习效应;(2)外显学习的抗干扰性弱,内隐学习的抗干扰性强．而且内隐学习所获得的知识具有稳固性;(3)及时分类有利于内隐学习,延时分类有利于外显学习。     

Development and learning: a TASC-based perspective of the acquisition of perceptual-motor behaviors

The concepts of development and learning are discussed in terms of different theoretical orientations to the study of motor behavior. It is argued that although these concepts are commonly used to discuss various aspects of change across the life span, there is little agreement regarding the definition of these terms and even whether these are useful concepts for researchers studying change over time. A theoretical approach, the TASC-based approach is presented as an alternative account for examining change over time. The TASC label stands for a focus on particular tasks, adaptation and selection of behaviors as a function of constraints. This account is grounded in evolutionary theory and assumes that variability, selection, and adaptation are central to change over time within individuals. Emphasis is placed on the tasks individuals attempt to solve in achieving particular goals given the constraints of the local environment and the organism. An alternative manner to conceptualize the concepts of development and learning are presented within the TASC-based approach.     

学习困难和优秀学生延迟满足能力的跨情境比较实验研究

探讨学习困难学生(学困生)和学习优秀学生(学优生)在三种不同情境下——独自操作、单一团体操作和混合团体操作,延迟满足能力的差异.结果表明:(1)在延迟满足实验中,被试变量(学优生、学困生)与情境变量(独自、单一团体、混合团体)的交互作用显著;(2)在独自操作和单一团体情境下,学优生延迟满足能力显著高于学困生,混合团体则不存在这种差异;(3)学优生的延迟满足能力在独自操作和单一团体时水平较高,而混合团体的成绩则显著的低于单一团体,学困生的延迟满足能力在单一团体和混合团体时水平较高,而单独操作成绩则显著低于混合团体.本研究一方面拓展了对延迟满足能力的群体比较研究,同时,对学困生的心理教育实践也有指导意义.     

大学生自主学习量表的编制

在Zimmerman自主学习理论基础上,根据我国大学生学习的实际情况编制了大学生自主学习问卷,通过因素分析发现,其中学习动机分量表可以提取6个因子:学习自我效能感、内在目标、学习控制感、外在目标、学习意义感、学习焦虑,学习策略分量表可以提取6个因子:一般方法、学习求助、学习计划安排、学习总结、学习评价、学习管理。对问卷进行的信度、效度检验结果表明,该量表具有较好的信度、效度指标。     

Environnement psycho-technologique (EPT) et comportements d’apprentissage avec les technologies (CAT) : developpement et adaptation française de deux mesures

The 4th industrial revolution and the omnipresence of technologies have largely modified the work context and more specifically the learning process. We postulate the emergence of a new psycho-technological environment, which is characterized by more opportunities to learn and more accessible technologies. To our knowledge, no measurement can capture the perception of psycho-technological environment (PTE) and learning behaviors with technologies (LBT). The aim of this study is therefore to compensate for this lack of tools with the development of French-language. Two studies that combine 389 students were conducted. In the first study, based on a sample of 151 students, two scales were developed via an explanatory factorial analysis. In the second study, based on a sample of 238 students, a confirmatory factorial analysis confirmed the psychometric qualities of our scales. This first validation study shows good validity and fiability with the good psychometric qualities of our scales.     

Receiving right/wrong feedback: Consequences for learning

Prior work suggests that receiving feedback that one's response was correct or incorrect (right/wrong feedback) does not help learners, as compared to not receiving any feedback at all (Pashler, Cepeda, Wixted, & Rohrer, 2005). In three experiments we examined the generality of this conclusion. Right/wrong feedback did not aid error correction, regardless of whether participants learned facts embedded in prose (Experiment 1) or translations of foreign vocabulary (Experiment 2). While right/wrong feedback did not improve the overall retention of correct answers (Experiments 1 and 2), it facilitated retention of low-confidence correct answers (Experiment 3). Reviewing the original materials was very useful to learners, but this benefit was similar after receiving either right/wrong feedback or no feedback (Experiments 1 and 2). Overall, right/wrong feedback conveys some information to the learner, but is not nearly as useful as being told the correct answer or having the chance to review the to-be-learned materials.     

Investigation concerning the possibility of rational ethics

Ethical behavior such as self‐sacrifice and striving for juistice—the natural striving for a general prosperity for humans—is not mainly learned but is carried by a natural altruism from one generation to the next. It is based on group (rather than individual) altruism which has concentrated on protection of the aged (as preservers of knowledge) and the young (as preservers of future generations).

It is proposed that the strongest possible nature form of community is the “amorisation community"—in effect, one in which love produces more love. A case is presented for the creation of a world scientific and cultural transformation based on the ethics of the “amorisation community.”     

学业优秀者和学业不良者的倒摄抑制比较 ——从结构化和非结构化角度

以汉字为实验材料,以学业优秀者和学业不良者为被试,探讨学习材料的结构化和非结构化性质对倒摄抑制产生的影响,以及两类学生学习两类材料时的倒摄抑制差异。并通过指导语,逐步揭示结构化材料中的规则,迫使被试采用有效的学习策略,来观察倒摄抑制的变化情况。结果表明:一、与非结构化材料相比,学习结构化材料表现出更好的记忆绩效,但未发现两者对倒摄抑制的不同影响;二、和学优者相比,学业不良者的记忆绩效较差,倒摄抑制值也较大;三、对材料规则的提示会促进学业不良学生的记忆绩效,降低倒摄抑制,但对学习优秀者的影响不大;四、一些汉字识别特征影响倒摄抑制,如当干扰项和目标项构形相同时,会降低倒摄抑制。