重大传染病疫情应对中个人的伦理责任影响——以新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情为例

重大传染病疫情应对可能出现公共利益挤压个人权利的问题,但这种非常态下的权宜之策对阻断病毒传播至关重要,经得起合法性考验。为有效控制重大传染病疫情蔓延,每个人都要承担协调好与他人、与社会的关系,适度让渡个人权利、参与疫情防控、平等对待患者和高风险地区同胞、合理约束自己需求等伦理责任。相关职能部门应当通过完善法律法规、引导树立共同体意识、制定伦理指南、加强沟通解释等方式确保个人的伦理责任落实到位。

     

COVID-19防控的责任伦理考量

在积极应对疫情防控引发的法律及现实问题的同时,应该更加关注其责任伦理问题。如个人自由与公共责任冲突的问题,特殊从业者与职业责任冲突的问题,政府公权力的行使主体与个人知情同意的冲突问题。针对上述问题,基于责任伦理原则,提出培养个人责任伦理意识,形成群体认知共识、制定特殊人员免责条款,约束集体无意识的责任迷失、政府明确社会组织主体行使公权力的权利及限度等具体对策完善COVID-19防控机制,以保护人民的生命健康权益,促进当前及未来社会的稳定发展。

     

Strategies for Counseling Midcareer Changers: A Conceptual Framework

The authors describe a model designed to help counselors facilitate the midcareer change process. Problems of typical midcareer changers are portrayed using case studies. Intervention strategies are presented in a framework that includes emotional adaptation and cognitive decision making.     

Preparation,Action, Recovery: A Conceptual Framework for Counselor Preparation and Response in Client Crises

Despite increasing requirements for counselor proficiency in crisis response, there is an absence in the standards for counselor preparation, certification, and supervision of consistent criteria on which best practice in crisis prevention and intervention, and postcrisis recovery can be gauged. The authors present a conceptual framework that defines the actions required at the different phases of a client crisis and identifies potential constraints to effective counselor action that must be acknowledged and overcome at each phase.     

新冠疫情中公共卫生监测伦理问题研究

公共卫生监测作为我国疫情防控的重要手段,在此次突发重大传染病疫情中被广泛应用,取得了很好的疫情防控效果。但在实施过程中也暴露出隐私保护、知情同意、公众参与、污名化等伦理问题,通过对公共卫生监测的主要伦理问题进行分析,揭示其产生的原因,并提出解决伦理难题应该遵循的伦理原则及对策,包括在遵循效用原则、尊重原则、互助原则、不伤害原则等伦理学原则的基础上,进一步完善隐私保护及数据安全共享方案,保障监测主体的知情同意权,倡导与弘扬守望相助公民伦理精神,合法普及科学知识及强化公众教育等措施。

     

"状态改变:状态继续"与"做:不做"

检查了“做／不做”这对概念的不足后．本文用“状态改变／状态继续”来替代“做／不做”。在“状态改变-状态继续”框架基础上将事件分为“整体事件”和“分段事件”。研究证实“做／不做”只适合于“整体事件”而不适合“分段事件”。最后．该框架部分也解释了长期存在于实验研究与现场研究中的假设思想所表现出的差异。     

Ethical challenges in the COVID-19 research context: a toolkit for supporting analysis and resolution

ABSTRACTCOVID-19 is compromising all aspects of society, with devastating impacts on health, political, social, economic and educational spheres. A premium is being placed on scientific research as the source of possible solutions, with a situational imperative to carry out investigations at an accelerated rate. There is a major challenge not to neglect ethical standards, in a context where doing so may mean the difference between life and death. In this paper we offer a rubric for considering the ethical challenges in COVID-19 related research, in the form of an ethics toolkit for global research developed at the University of Edinburgh in collaboration with more than 200 global researchers from around the world. This toolkit provides a framework to support confrontation of ethical conflicts through the integrated and iterative analysis of Place, People, Principles and Precedents, throughout the research journey. Two case analyses are offered to exemplify the utility of the toolkit as a flexible and dynamic tool to promote ethical research in the context of COVID-19.     

新冠撤稿论文中的科技伦理问题及其治理路径

基于全球范围新冠主题撤稿论文数据,全面分析了撤稿论文的基本特征,探究新冠主题撤稿论文背后的伦理与规范问题。研究发现期刊出版伦理失范导致撤稿论文数量激增,科研不端行为呈现复杂化特征,非主观错误撤稿原因难以界定,问题研究行为较为突出,撤稿论文甚至引发了公众的信任危机。基于此,建议完善出版伦理建设,加大科研不端行为查处力度,针对性开展医学领域科技伦理教育与监管,并把问题研究行为纳入科技伦理治理的重要议题。

     

An Ethical Framework for Evaluating Experimental Technology

How are we to appraise new technological developments that may bring revolutionary social changes? Currently this is often done by trying to predict or anticipate social consequences and to use these as a basis for moral and regulatory appraisal. Such an approach can, however, not deal with the uncertainties and unknowns that are inherent in social changes induced by technological development. An alternative approach is proposed that conceives of the introduction of new technologies into society as a social experiment. An ethical framework for the acceptability of such experiments is developed based on the bioethical principles for experiments with human subjects: non-maleficence, beneficence, respect for autonomy, and justice. This provides a handle for the moral and regulatory assessment of new technologies and their impact on society.     

The Risk-Based View of Trust: A Conceptual Framework

Trust and risk have often been linked in the literature, but their relationship is far from clear. Trust has been used in three different ways — namely, as a perception (subjective trust), as various personal and situational factors that lead to subjective trust (trust antecedents), and as the actions resulting from subjective trust (behavioral trust). We explain how risk is related to these three conceptions of trust. First, we argue that subjective trust and perceived risk are in fact mirror images of each other. Second, we show how behavioral trust can be viewed as risk taking, so that the causal relationship between subjective trust and behavioral trust is similar to that of perceived risk and risk taking. And third, we discuss the role of personal characteristics (such as risk propensity and trust propensity) in the risk–trust relationship. We also develop a number of propositions based on our risk-based view of trust.     

A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Stigmatization of Children of Incarcerated Parents

Stigmatization is often listed as one of the adverse consequences of parental incarceration; yet, there is very little research on this phenomenon. We address this knowledge deficit by providing a conceptual model of stigmatization and describing how it may apply to children with parents in jail or prison. This model helps to explain why families conceal the fact that a child’s parent is incarcerated; the potentially protective function of social withdrawal; possible links between stigmatization and childhood emotional and behavioral problems; how fear of stigmatization may impede help seeking; and the possibility for research and advocacy to contribute to the stigmatization of children who experience parental incarceration. It also helps to define specific aspects of stigmatization requiring further study.     

A New Conceptual Framework of Sales Force Control Systems

An important stream of research has recently studied sales force control systems (SFCS). Most studies have relied on a simple conceptualization of control, especially outcome-/behavior-based and formal/informal controls. Because most empirical studies based on such conceptual frameworks have led to contradictory or inconsistent findings, this paper attempts to identify a few important causes, especially management style (centralized or decentralized) and the different managerial objective’s time horizons (short and long run). Relying on an extended definition of an SFCS, the proposed new conceptual framework recognizes the dynamic nature of controls, introduces the concepts of usage intensity, depth of usage, and rigor of enforcement of control and feedback tools. The effects of the SFCS on salespeople’s transactional and customer relationship-building performances are considered. A series of research propositions is proposed.     

从新冠防控看疾控人员在公共卫生突发事件应对中的伦理挑战

疾控人员在公共卫生突发事件应对中一直发挥着重要的作用,但也面临着诸多伦理问题和挑战。通过对来自10个省份的一线疾控人员进行质性焦点组访谈,围绕疾控人员在新冠防控中的主要职责任务,从流调溯源、信息共享与发布、隔离管控和社区防控和新技术的应用四个方面对疾控人员在公共卫生事件应对中所面临的伦理学挑战进行了梳理,并进行了进一步分析。为未来的公共卫生突发事件应对从数据的分享与利用,科学防控的全面理解以及提升公众的公共卫生意识与伦理学支持等方面提出意见和建议。