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1.
An emerging philosophical perspective called “postphenomenology,” which offers reflection upon human relations to technology,
has the potential to increase our understanding of the functions performed by imaging technologies in scientific practice.
In what follows, I review some relevant insights and expand them for use in the concrete analysis of practices of image interpretation
in science. As a guiding example, I explore how these insights bear upon a contemporary debate in space science over images
of the fossilized remains of a river delta on the surface of Mars. These considerations include an analysis of the ways that
the objects of study are transformed by the mediating imaging technologies, such as the Mars Orbiter Camera.
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2.
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls ( N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
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3.
The story of how Perrin’s experimental work established the reality of atoms and molecules has been a staple in (realist)
philosophy of science writings (Wesley Salmon, Clark Glymour, Peter Achinstein, Penelope Maddy, …). I’ll argue that how this
story is told distorts both what the work was and its significance, and draw morals for the understanding of how theories
can be or fail to be empirically grounded.
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4.
Dennett’s recent defense in this journal of the heterophenomenological method and its supposed advantages over Husserlian
phenomenology is premised on his problematic account of the epistemological and ontological status of phenomenological states.
By employing Husserl’s philosophy of science to clarify the relationship between phenomenology and evidence and the implications
of this relationship for the empirical identification of ‘real’ conscious states, I argue that the naturalistic account of
consciousness Dennett hopes for could be authoritative as a science only by virtue of the very phenomenological evidences
Dennett’s method consigns to the realm of fiction. Thus heterophenomenology, qua scientific method, is incoherent.
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5.
Kyle Stanford’s arguments against scientific realism are assessed, with a focus on the underdetermination of theory by evidence.
I argue that discussions of underdetermination have neglected a possible symmetry which may ameliorate the situation.
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6.
In this article, we deconstruct the epistemological framework underlying recent discussions on the sexualization of girls.
Conducting a close textual analysis of scholarly and activist writings and their media coverage in Australia, Britain and
the United States we examine the foundational assumptions of the argument against sexualization and explore its potential
social and political implications. It is our contention that the conceptualization of sexualization as both a process and
outcome relies on an ambivalent and overly deterministic model which makes the danger of sexualizing materials uniform, but
their outcome gender specific. The unintended consequence of this discourse is that girls are framed as passive recipients
and their sexuality becomes the result of and reduced to sexualization.
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7.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
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8.
In this article we defend the inferential view of scientific models and idealisation. Models are seen as “inferential prostheses”
(instruments for surrogative reasoning) construed by means of an idealisation-concretisation process, which we essentially
understand as a kind of counterfactual deformation procedure (also analysed in inferential terms). The value of scientific
representation is understood in terms not only of the success of the inferential outcomes arrived at with its help, but also
of the heuristic power of representation and their capacity to correct and improve our models. This provides us with an argument
against Sugden’s account of credible models: the likelihood or realisticness (their “credibility”) is not always a good measure
of their acceptability. As opposed to “credibility” we propose the notion of “enlightening”, which is the capacity of giving
us understanding in the sense of an inferential ability.
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9.
This note is a reply to some of Giovanni Grandi’s comments on my paper “Berkeley’s Contingent Necessities.”
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10.
In examining representations of cities, disease, and human biology, this paper reflects on what technologies reveal of the
conditions to which they’re turned.
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11.
This paper asks how, in science in general and in economics in particular, theoretical models aid the understanding of real-world
phenomena. Using specific models in economics and biology as test cases, it considers three alternative answers: that models
are tools for isolating the ‘capacities’ of causal factors in the real world; that modelling is ‘conceptual exploration’ which
ultimately contributes to the development of genuinely explanatory theories; and that models are credible counterfactual worlds
from which inductive inferences can be made. The paper argues that the ‘credible worlds’ account captures significant aspects
of scientific practice, even if many modellers see their work as conceptual exploration.
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12.
This paper amounts to a reply to Professor Donald G. Brown’s thoughtful comment on my “Ethical Issues in Journal Peer-Review”,
which appeared in this journal.
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13.
Privacy watchdog groups have criticized the privacy policies and practices of internet service providers and search engine
companies like AOL, Google, and Microsoft. AOL’s decision to upload users’ search query records to the internet drew intense
criticism when it was shown that minor sleuthing could decipher some users’ private identities. We draw upon this and similar
incidents to demonstrate various personal borders that are crossed by such revelations. We maintain that policy discussions
are enhanced by multidimensional conceptualizations of privacy. We agree that many analyses of technology and privacy overlook
the upsides of technological change; however, we think it is not more valid to understate privacy implications.
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15.
Phenomenology of the body and the third generation of cognitive science, both of which attribute a central role in human cognition
to the body rather than to the Cartesian notion of representation, face the criticism that higher-level cognition cannot be
fully grasped by those studies. The problem here is how explicit representations, consciousness, and thoughts issue from perception
and the body, and how they cooperate in human cognition. In order to address this problem, we propose a research program,
a cognitive phenomenology of the body, which is basically motivated by the perspective of Merleau-Ponty. We find a substantial clue in developmental psychological
studies on the body and language.
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16.
Scientific knowledge has not stabilized in the current, early, phase of research and development of nanotechnologies creating
a challenge to ‘upstream’ public engagement. Nevertheless, the idea that the public should be involved in deliberative discussions
and assessments of emerging technologies at this early stage is widely shared among governmental and nongovernmental stakeholders.
Many forums for public debate including focus groups, and citizen juries, have thus been organized to explore public opinions
on nanotechnologies in a variety of countries over the past few years. In Switzerland the Centre for Technology Assessment
(TA-Swiss) organized such a citizen panel in fall 2006. Drawing from an ethnographic study of this panel called ‘publifocus
on nanotechnologies, health, and environment’ this paper looks at the ways members of a stakeholder group deal with the epistemic
uncertainty in their deliberation of nanotechnologies. By exploring the statements of the participants in the stakeholder
discussion group, this paper reconstructs the narratives that constitute the epistemic foundations of the participants’ evaluations
of nanotechnologies.
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17.
I argue that the title question needs to be taken seriously because there are important questions about how the scientific
agenda should be set. Natural answers to the question – declarations of the proper autonomy of science or expressions of faith
in market forces – are found inadequate. Instead, I propose a form of democracy with respect to scientific research that will
avoid the obvious dangers of a tyranny of ignorance. I conclude with some modest proposals about how the ideal of a democratic
science might be implemented and with a response to common objections.
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18.
This paper explores some of the differences between the enactive approach in cognitive science and the extended mind thesis.
We review the key enactive concepts of autonomy and sense-making. We then focus on the following issues: (1) the debate between internalism and externalism about cognitive processes; (2)
the relation between cognition and emotion; (3) the status of the body; and (4) the difference between ‘incorporation’ and
mere ‘extension’ in the body-mind-environment relation.
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19.
Regarding the exhaustive discussions of the fundamentality of existence versus the fundamentality of quiddity, it is a necessary
preliminary to examine and analyze the first documented statement of the fundamentality of existence. Following this, we must
inquire how the concept is obtained on the basis of which such a judgment could be formed. Then we must illuminate the meaning
of propositions that state only that an object is or exists (ontological propositions). Finally, by explaining the meaning
of the words “quiddity” and “existence” and comparing them, indications are found of confusion between epistemological and
ontological issues.
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20.
I argue that van Fraassen’s selectionist explanation for the success of science is superior to the realists’ explanation.
Whereas realists argue that our current theories are successful because they accurately reflect the structure of the world,
the selectionist claims that our current theories are successful because unsuccessful theories have been eliminated. I argue
that, unlike the explanation proposed by the realist, the selectionist explanation can also account for the failures of once successful theories and the fact that sometimes two competing theories are both equally successful.
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