墨家尚同思想新探

由于墨家尚同思想的复杂性和矛盾性,学界对尚同的性质和功能存在争论。尚同是墨家的一种政治理想,通过层层上同,实现政治统一和思想统一。正因墨家强调下同于上以及权力的集中,很多学者认为墨家的尚同思想是专制的。实际上,墨家不仅强调下同于上,还主张上同于天、上同于义、上同于法,认为天贵于天子、义高于权力,君主的权力是存在制约的。还有学者认为尚同具有民主因素,但在墨家的思想体系中,主张民主说也是缺乏理论根据的。用"专制"或者"民主"的单一视角去审视尚同,往往遮蔽了尚同的复杂性和丰富性。尚同思想的丰富性还反映了墨家对政治秩序建构的新思考,以及从贵族政治向官僚政治转变的历史趋势。     

墨家逻辑推理模式的新解释

墨家是先秦诸多学派之一,墨家逻辑也是中国古代本土逻辑思想的典范之一。墨子及其后学创立了中国思想史上第一个＂以名举实,以辞舒意,以说出故＂的墨家逻辑体系,成为中国古代逻辑思想发展的优秀代表。墨家逻辑的主要推理模式包括：＂辟＂、＂侔＂、＂援＂、＂推＂等。墨家逻辑思想的研究开启了中国逻辑思想研究的先河,墨家逻辑思想研究是中国逻辑思想研究的核心内容之一。国际逻辑学界对作为非印—欧语言系统的中国逻辑的关注,显示了中国逻辑独立存在的价值。今天的中国逻辑思想研究处于现代逻辑发展与中国现代文化发展的交汇点上,需要我们从逻辑和中国文化的角度来研究中国逻辑思想。用逻辑的一般特性来分析墨家逻辑,依据工具性、形式性和有效性这三个方面,是解释墨家逻辑的一个新角度。     

《墨辩》逻辑的历史命运

墨家学说的基本内容,包括三个方面:政治伦理思想、科学思想和逻辑学。这三方面的思想互相紧密联系着;政治伦理思想是墨学的主要内容和核心,所以历来人们所谈的墨学一般是指墨家的政治伦理学说。墨家的逻辑学是服务性质的,它服从于墨家的政治需要,成为论证其政治伦理观点的工具。科学思想则是墨家进行政治性辩论所引用的客观具体材料.三个内容有机地构成了墨家学说的理论体系。与中国传统文化中占统治地位的儒家相比,墨家的历史遭际要悲惨的多。孙治让指     

后期墨家

墨家是战国初期由墨子创立的一个学派。墨家在墨子死后即分为相里氏之墨、相夫氏之墨,邓陵氏之墨三派,这就是后期墨家。今存《墨子》一书中的《经上》、《经下》、《经说上》、《经说下》、《大取》、《小取》等六篇就属后期墨家的重要著作,人们统称之为《墨辩》或《墨经》,是我们研究后期墨家逻辑思想的基本资料。后期墨家在总结墨子和各家逻辑思想成果的基础上,终于创立了一个相当科学的完整的古典逻辑科学体系,被今人称为“墨辩逻辑学”或“墨经逻辑学”。     

墨家"义"思想及其当代价值

义是墨家学说的伦理总则和精神实质,兼爱、非攻等道德原则是义这一上位概念下的具体原则.义在墨家思想体系中具有法天、兴利、举公的内在特征.法天明义思想和儒学的道统精神共同孕育了后世对恶政的批判和改造精神,以利达义思想首倡了群体导向的功利主义,举公正义思想是传统社会大同情怀的重要渊源.墨家义思想启示我们要建立惩罚机制,维护道德有效运行,倡导友爱互助,建立和谐人际关系,防止假公济私.促进社会公平正义.     

墨家天志思想探微

天志在墨家思想中有着重要的地位。墨家吸收了殷商之时主宰之天、人格之天的思想,重构了天的宗教权威。对此,很多学者认为墨家的天志说是宗教教义。墨家认为天贵于天子,天志具有赏善罚恶的能力,具有匡正现实政治的作用,墨家的天志观念有一个根本的转向,从传统重视天的宗教功能转向强调天的政治功能。同时,天志是价值之源,是仁义价值的根据,也是仁义价值的守护者,天志仍然具有道德内涵。墨家突出了天志观念的三重功能,即政治功能、宗教功能和道德功能,其中政治功能是墨家更为强调的,但这种政治功能化的解释在一定程度上也消解了天的神圣性和超越性。     

墨家战争观念的逻辑起点及其历史命运

毫无疑义 ,先秦诸子百家学说的主体是各自的政治哲学思想 ,然而 ,不容忽视的是军事思想在各家学说体系中也据有很大的比重 ,成为诸子政治思想在军事领域的衍化和派生。墨家在先秦时期与儒家学派同称为显学。《韩非子·显学》称“世之显学 ,儒、墨也”。《孟子·滕文公下》也说“杨朱、墨翟之言盈天下” ,可见其在当时影响之大。因此 ,其包含有丰富的军事理性认识乃是十分自然的事情。其主要内容 ,一是“非攻” ,二是“救守” ,前者集中体现了墨家的战争观念 ,后者则是墨家作战指导思想的具体表现和基本特征。本文重点讨论墨家的战争观问题 ,…     

墨家人力资源管理心理思想及其现代意义

人力资源管理是管理心理学的重要内容,也是现代企业管理的一个重要环节。先秦墨家思想中包含着丰富的人力资源管理心理思想。该文拟从墨家的人员甄选、人员考评、人员任用、人员激励等方面进行整理和阐述,并揭示其现代意义。     

论墨家的非攻论与兼爱说——一种全球伦理的视角

墨家政治伦理思想中的"非攻"、"兼爱"等学说正是反映普通百姓希望尽快结束战乱,过上和平安宁生活的强烈愿望。在某种意义上,当今世界也类似于墨家所处的战国时代。从全球伦理的视角重温墨家的"非攻论"和"兼爱说",辨明其思想的真谛与得失,不仅对于重新认识墨家学说的理论价值,而且对于正确认识和解决当前人类所面临的种种冲突和危机也具有极其重要的现实意义。     

兼爱与利人——论墨家的技术美与人性美

墨家思想以"兼爱"与"利人"为核心,以技术、工艺和逻辑作为其立学基础,与同时期的儒家思想相比,更为注重实用主义性,对于审美相对重视不够,这就导致对于墨家美学方面的研究较为欠缺,但墨家其实通过实用主义为主的方式体现了"利人"的"技术美"和"兼爱"的"人性美"特点。墨家通过"兼爱"与"利人"表现出的美学特征,对于丰富中国传统文化具有重要意义。     

论墨家的道德精神

墨家也和儒家一样,具有非常明显的道德至上的思想倾向。他们倡导如下基本道德精神:反对不劳而获,提倡“为人犹为己”,强调义利统一、志功统一。     

HOW RELIGIOUS PRACTICES MATTER1: PETER OCHS' “ALTERNATIVE NURTURANCE” OF PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

This article engages the work of Peter Ochs from the perspective of philosophy of religion. In particular, I consider Ochs' work on Scriptural Reasoning and Jewish Morning Prayer as articulating a unique emphasis on religious liturgical practices that hints at a much needed paradigm shift in philosophy of religion, which has tended to focus on the cognitive aspects of religion (beliefs and doctrines) or the merely static artifacts of religious traditions.     

AN EVALUATIVE REVIEW OF FAMILY INTERACTION RESEARCH

This article will review in detail the current status of quantifiable family interaction research. It will concentrate on the work done since 1960. An extensive reference list and glossary covering key workers and their concepts are appended.     

NAVIGATING NATION,SIGNIFYING SIKHISM: THE WORK OF ARPANA CAUR

This article situates the artwork of Arpana Caur within national and global contexts through such topics as the nature of the aesthetic process for Caur, the relations among affect, activism, and politics in her life and work, and the ways in which Indian art can be supported and made more visible on the Indian and global scales. The article presents The article presents the artist's views – the longest and most in-depth she has given to date – on topics central to her work, including Sikhism, Buddhism, Kabir, feminism, human rights, environmentalism, and the nature of time. This piece explores in particular how art can represent the timelessness of spirituality alongside the exigencies of contemporary issues and tragedies, such as communal violence. Central throughout this article is the concept of nation, exploring how an artist can represent nation both aesthetically and politically, and the ways in which nation can be both attractive and challenging.     

"现代新墨家"的文化解读

现代新墨家是新近出现的一个学术派别。他们以复兴墨学为职志,以对墨家文本的现代解释为途径,寻求回应现代问题的文化资源该文从知识社会学角度,对现代新墨家的产生、学术活动、工作思路、取得的成绩和存在的问题,给予简要的评析。     

DEFINING DISABILITY FOR WOMEN AND THE PROBLEM OF UNPAID WORK

National policy and much of scholarly research on disability overlook the importance of unpaid family work and instead focus on disability in paid work, largely in male samples. Because of societal expectations about appropriate social roles for men and women, women tend to assume responsibility for unpaid work in the family and also tend to have paid work that is characterized by low pay and limited autonomy. This article discusses the political, theoretical, and methodological issues relating to defining and measuring paid and unpaid work disability for women and men within the context of these structural factors. The results of a study analyzing disability in both paid work and unpaid family work among a sample of 206 women with rheumatoid arthritis are presented. The study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring disability in family work and shows that women experience significant limitations in homemaker functioning as well as in paid work roles.     

REFLECTIONS ON THE FAILURE OF THE LOVERS OF ZION

This article considers the important role of archival photographs in the work of historians, artists and writers of the generation after the Holocaust. Powerful “points of memory” linking past and present, memory and postmemory, individual remembrance and cultural recall, photographs can offer evidence of past crimes and function as haunting specters that enable an affective visceral connection to the past. And yet, photographs may also be limited and flawed historical documents, promising more than they can actually reveal. The article argues that such ambiguous evidence may be a resource for historians seeking to grasp and transmit the past's emotional truth.     

AN IDEA OF NATURE: A BIPOLAR PROPOSAL

This article argues that in order to understand nature, we depend on a basic idea or ideal type of nature, following R. G. Collingwood's work The Idea of Nature. Collingwood asserted that the prevailing idea of nature in Western thought evolved through three analogies for understanding nature: (1) living organism, (2) machine, and (3) historical process. His use of the concept of idea is comparable to the use of ideal type proposed by Max Weber and Ernst Troeltsch. This article is a bipolar proposal: the one pole suggests revising Collingwood by including three additional elements: (4) emergence, (5) mystery, and (6) full‐bodied/God‐intoxication. Each of these elements is elaborated. The second pole concludes that under the aegis of this sixfold idea of nature, the classical Christian dogma of the Incarnation, the Two Natures of Christ can be interpreted as a proposal for understanding nature. The two poles are not necessarily bound together, but for certain theological purposes they may indeed work in tandem.     

PHILOSOPHER OF PRECISION AND SOUL: INTRODUCING WALKER PERCY

This article introduces the work of philosopher‐novelist Walker Percy to the Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science readership. After some biographical and contextual preliminaries, I suggest that the conceptual collecting feature to Percy's work is his critique of abstractionism manifest in a tripartite congruence of Cartesianism, derivatively misapplied science, and social atomism.     

THE WORK ATTACHMENT OF MOTHERS WITH PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

The aim of this article is to describe the derivation and use of an index representing mothers'attachment to the workforce. This index is based on the proportion of time (equivalent full-time) the mother had worked since the birth of her first child and can be used as both a continuous and categorical variable. The sample comprised 166 Sydney-area families, each of which had at least one preschool-aged child. Relationships were examined with the mother's current work status and with various demographic characteristics of the women, with the aim of providing some validation for the index. More years of education and smaller family size distinguished between women with high versus low work attachment. In addition, women with high work attachment married at a significantly later age than those with moderate or low work attachment. The usefulness and limitations of the new index are discussed.