The folk conception of knowledge

How do people decide which claims should be considered mere beliefs and which count as knowledge? Although little is known about how people attribute knowledge to others, philosophical debate about the nature of knowledge may provide a starting point. Traditionally, a belief that is both true and justified was thought to constitute knowledge. However, philosophers now agree that this account is inadequate, due largely to a class of counterexamples (termed “Gettier cases”) in which a person’s justified belief is true, but only due to luck. We report four experiments examining the effect of truth, justification, and “Gettiering” on people’s knowledge attributions. These experiments show that: (1) people attribute knowledge to others only when their beliefs are both true and justified; (2) in contrast to contemporary philosophers, people also attribute knowledge to others in Gettier situations; and (3) knowledge is not attributed in one class of Gettier cases, but only because the agent’s belief is based on “apparent” evidence. These findings suggest that the lay concept of knowledge is roughly consistent with the traditional account of knowledge as justified true belief, and also point to a major difference between the epistemic intuitions of laypeople and those of philosophers.     

Adolescents' knowledge of medical terminology and family health history.

Compared 309 youths ages 11 to 15 years and their parents with respect to their comprehension of terms for seven common medical disorders: heart attack, stroke, atherosclerosis, ulcer, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. For two thirds of the adolescent sample, accuracy of reporting of these disorders among the parents and grandparents was assessed. Results indicated considerable variation among disorders with respect to both comprehension of terms and accuracy of family health history. Adolescents' age was a major predictor of knowledge of medical terms (r = .41). Age was not related to accuracy of family health information. Consonant with this finding, adolescents' level of accuracy regarding family health history was generally similar to that of previous adult samples, suggesting that family health information is acquired and retained at an early age. Adolescents were more accurate concerning parents' compared with grandparents' history of hypertension.     

Adolescents' knowledge of nuclear issues and the effects of nuclear war

Three hundred fifty-seven college students were surveyed to assess later adolescents' awareness of the status of nuclear arms development and possible effects of a nuclear war on people and the environment. Chi-square analyses were performed to determine whether the frequency of correct responses differed with regard to participants' sex, political orientation, and position toward the United States' possession of nuclear weapons. Results suggest that later adolescents are extremely uninformed regarding the current status of nuclear issues and the consequences of a nuclear war. These data, coupled with findings from previous studies reporting children's and adolescents' concerns and fears about nuclear war, indicate that there is a strong need to educate young people concerning nuclear issues.     

Adolescents' knowledge and beliefs about pregnancy: the impact of "ENABL"

Finding effective ways to prevent adolescent pregnancy is a concern of public health officials, educators, social workers, parents, and legislators. Numerous programs exist, but there is debate as to whether it is the specific program itself or other factors that are responsible for participants' successful outcomes. Using a quasi-experimental design, this study sought to determine which factors predicted changes in knowledge and beliefs among middle school students (N = 1,450) after exposure to Postponing Sexual Involvement (PSI), the curricular component of Education Now and Babies Later (ENABL), a pregnancy prevention program. It was found that the single most important predictor of improvement in knowledge and beliefs about pregnancy prevention was PSI itself, not background variables. The findings contradict some of the previous studies on factors impacting teenage pregnancy and lend support for the continued examination of ENABL as a promising component of pregnancy prevention efforts.     

Adolescents' understandings of infidelity

This study explored younger adolescents' (aged 14–17 years; N = 204; 50% girls) understandings of infidelity and whether these understandings differed for girls and boys. Analyses revealed that younger adolescents' understandings of infidelity included an array of physical, affective, cognitive, and verbal behaviors with an extradyadic partner. No gender differences were found. In addition, younger adolescents' understandings of infidelity were compared to older adolescents' (aged 17–21 years; N = 214; 50% girls) understandings. Results showed that younger adolescents' salient understandings of infidelity more often included light, affectionate behaviors such as hugging and kissing an extradyadic partner, whereas older adolescents' salient understandings more often included heavy physical behaviors, including sexual intercourse and oral sex. Gender comparisons with older adolescents revealed that boys' salient understandings of infidelity included higher numbers of heavy physical behaviors, whereas girls' salient understandings included higher numbers of light, affectionate behaviors. Results demonstrate that infidelity is a complex and multifaceted construct for adolescent girls and boys and suggest that developmental researchers should examine understandings of infidelity beyond sexual extradyadic experiences. Implications for adolescent development and psychosocial health are discussed.     

论未成年人的生活德性

未成年人的生活德性是一种在本质上合乎未成年人人格成长的生成性德性.游戏启蒙未成年人的生活习性、童话构筑未成年人的精神家团.因此,还游戏、童话于未成年人的生活世界,引导和培植未成年人有德性的游戏习性和童话感悟,将成为加强和提高未成年人思想道德建设的有效实践途径.     

Adolescents' time perspective.

201 boys and girls in Grade 11 were administered the Time Perspective Questionnaire, which assesses the type of events students typically generate when asked to think of the past and future and their temporal extension. Analysis confirms little difference between adolescent boys' and girls' time perspectives, thereby suggesting considerable convergence has occurred in boys' and girls' temporal expectations.     

青少年自主研究综述

青少年自主发展作为青少年心理发展的一个重要组成部分,与之相关的研究十分庞杂.本文从青少年自主概念及其测量、青少年自主发展水平、青少年自主发展影响因素和自主与青少年心理行为发展的关系共四个方面对青少年自主研究进行了综述.     

青少年聋生的分类学联系

了考察青少年聋生分类学联系的特点,使用不同类别的基本水平概念,完成了语义归类和错误再认２个实验,并同健听生的结果进行比较。结果表明：⑴聋生和健听生有类似的类别意识,但聋生的类别意识较健听生为弱。⑵与健听生比,呈现方式对聋生的反应影响较小。聋生的分类学概念有较强的形象化倾向。青少年聋生分类学联系的特点与他们语言能力发展迟缓、使用自然手语有关。因此,应加强聋生的规范手语教学,重视培养聋生的抽象思维能力     

青少年的个人未来发展目标和担忧

目标和担忧是个体关于未来的心理表征,对个体日常指向未来的行为具有引导作用。采用青少年未来取向问卷中文版调查了近2000名初中、高中和大学青少年,结果发现,青少年的目标和对未来的担忧反映了青少年期的主要发展任务,同时它们又因被试的年龄、性别、城乡背景以及思考内容领域的不同而表现出不同的特点。     

青少年对传统孝道的态度研究

本研究采用传统孝道态度问卷对885名初三、高一、高二、高三城乡青少年的传统孝道态度进行了初步探讨。结果表明：(1)青少年对传统孝道四个方面的态度存在极其显着的差异;(2)来自不同年级、城乡背景不同以及独生非独生男女青少年他们对传统孝道的态度存住显着差异;(3)父母对荣亲留后、抑己顺亲、敬爱祭念三个方面的赞同程度显着高于青少年,而青少年对随侍奉养的赞同程度显著高于其父母。     

Adolescents' comprehension of televised sexual innuendos

This study assessed various determinants of adolescents' comprehension of televised sexual innuendos. Eighteen males and 18 females at each of three ages (12, 14, and 16 years) were asked to interpret a series of 24 TV excerpts, each of which contained either a sexual innuendo or a nonsexual filler joke. Based on adult ratings, the innuendos were systematically varied by the topic alluded to (intercourse, physical/sexual attributes, socially discouraged practices, and nonsexual) and the level of explicitness (high vs. low). Age of viewer and topic referenced significantly influenced the comprehension scores. Fourteen- and sixteen-year-olds yielded higher scores than twelve-year-olds. Innuendos referencing discouraged sexual practices were most adequately explained and those referencing intercourse were least adequately explained.     

Adolescents' perceptions of aloneness and loneliness

It is theorized that we are born with the need both to be alone and to be connected with others. Aloneness, like attachment, is seen as necessary for human growth, with loneliness being the negative extreme. Yet, can feelings of loneliness be distinguished from the need to be alone? To answer this question, the present paper reviews theories and research on loneliness and aloneness. In addition, the perceptions of adolescents are presented. They were found to be able to distinguish between the two states. Loneliness, as anticipated, was viewed negatively, being coupled with sadness and hopelessness. Aloneness was viewed as a neutral state. It is recommended that future research explore the positive dimensions of aloneness, including when adolescents choose to be alone, what they do while alone, and how they feel after being alone.     

Adolescents' academic expectations and achievement

Previous research has indicated that adolescents' relationships with their mother influence their academic expectations and achievement. Substance use has also been found to have a strong influence on academic expectations and achievement. In the present study, 80 high school seniors from middle to upper socioeconomic status families completed questionnaires on behavioral and psychological aspects of adolescent life. Academic expectations were found to be highly correlated with academic achievement (r = .60). A stepwise regression analysis revealed that relationship with mother, academic achievement, and alcohol use accounted for 56% of the total variance in academic expectations. Stepwise regression on academic achievement revealed that cocaine use, marijuana use, and academic expectations accounted for 48% of the total variance.     

Adolescents' Rights of Access to Counseling

This article focuses on hindrances and problems confronting the adolescent and counselor when adolescents have to surrender their right to accept or to refuse treatment.