抑郁遗传效应的发展动态性

抑郁的遗传效应存在发展动态性。一方面,在发展过程中,抑郁的遗传率会发生改变,抑郁的风险基因及其与环境的交互作用模式也存在动态变化。另一方面,遗传因素会影响抑郁的发展变化模式。通过梳理既有相关研究,本文从生理成熟因素、表观遗传和发展级联效应三方面分析抑郁遗传效应发展动态性的原因。未来研究应区分重要发展阶段,增加脑功能、性激素、神经生物蛋白以及表观遗传等指标考察抑郁遗传效应的变化模式及其发生机制。     

A time of change: Behavioral and neural correlates of adolescent sensitivity to appetitive and aversive environmental cues

Adolescence is a developmental period that entails substantial changes in affective and incentive-seeking behavior relative to both childhood and adulthood, including a heightened propensity to engage in risky behaviors and experience persistent negative and labile mood states. This review discusses the emotional and incentive-driven behavioral changes in adolescents and their associated neural mechanisms, focusing on the dynamic interactions between the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Common behavioral changes during adolescence may be associated with a heightened responsiveness to incentives and emotional cues while the capacity to effectively engage in cognitive and emotion regulation is still relatively immature. We highlight empirical work in humans and animals that addresses the interactions between these neural systems in adolescents relative to children and adults, and propose a neurobiological model that may account for the nonlinear changes in adolescent behavior. Finally, we discuss other influences that may contribute to exaggerated reward and emotion processing associated with adolescence, including hormonal fluctuations and the role of the social environment.     

Cognitive and affective development in adolescence

Questions about the nature of normative and atypical development in adolescence have taken on special significance in the last few years, as scientists have begun to recast old portraits of adolescent behavior in the light of new knowledge about brain development. Adolescence is often a period of especially heightened vulnerability as a consequence of potential disjunctions between developing brain, behavioral and cognitive systems that mature along different timetables and under the control of both common and independent biological processes. Taken together, these developments reinforce the emerging understanding of adolescence as a critical or sensitive period for a reorganization of regulatory systems, a reorganization that is fraught with both risks and opportunities.     

Development of the self-concept during adolescence

Adolescence is a period of life in which the sense of 'self' changes profoundly. Here, we review recent behavioural and neuroimaging studies on adolescent development of the self-concept. These studies have shown that adolescence is an important developmental period for the self and its supporting neural structures. Recent neuroimaging research has demonstrated that activity in brain regions associated with self-processing, including the medial prefrontal cortex, changes between early adolescence and adulthood. These studies indicate that neurocognitive development might contribute to behavioural phenomena characteristic of adolescence, such as heightened self-consciousness and susceptibility to peer influence. We attempt to integrate this recent neurocognitive research on adolescence with findings from developmental and social psychology.     

DRD4基因与亲社会行为的关联及其潜在脑机制

DRD4基因是亲社会行为的重要候选基因,且与环境交互影响亲社会行为的发生发展。通过梳理既有研究,本文从性别差异、亲社会行为的不同类型及发展动态性等角度探讨了亲社会行为遗传研究存在分歧的原因,并在此基础上探索了DRD4基因作用于亲社会行为的潜在脑机制。未来研究应采用纵向设计探究DRD4基因影响亲社会行为的发展动态性问题,并深入探索其性别差异;采用多质多法分析考察不同类型亲社会行为遗传机制的差异性;采用影像遗传学设计揭示“DRD4基因—脑—亲社会行为”作用机制。     

Adolescents' Reward‐related Neural Activation: Links to Thoughts of Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury

Adolescence is a critical developmental period marked by an increase in risk behaviors, including nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI). Heightened reward‐related brain activation and relatively limited recruitment of prefrontal regions contribute to the initiation of risky behaviors in adolescence. However, neural reward processing has not been examined among adolescents who are at risk for future engagement for NSSI specifically, but who have yet to actually engage in this behavior. In the current fMRI study (N = 71), we hypothesized that altered reward processing would be associated with adolescents' thoughts of NSSI. Results showed that NSSI youth exhibited heightened activation in the bilateral putamen in response to a monetary reward. This pattern of findings suggests that heightened neural sensitivity to reward is associated with thoughts of NSSI in early adolescence. Implications for prevention are discussed.     

Development of the social brain during adolescence

Adolescence is usually defined as the period of psychological and social transition between childhood and adulthood. The beginning of adolescence, around the onset of puberty, is characterized by large hormonal and physical changes. The transition from childhood to adulthood is also characterized by psychological changes in terms of identity, self-consciousness, and cognitive flexibility. In the past decade, it has been demonstrated that various regions of the human brain undergo development during adolescence and beyond. Some of the brain regions that undergo particularly protracted development are involved in social cognitive function in adults. In the first section of this paper, I briefly describe evidence for a circumscribed network of brain regions involved in understanding other people. Next, I describe evidence that some of these brain regions undergo structural development during adolescence. Finally, I discuss recent studies that have investigated social cognitive development during adolescence.     

青少年抑郁及其自动情绪调节的研究概述

本文旨在梳理近年来国内外青少年抑郁及其自动情绪调节在相关研究领域的研究成果,以进一步促进青少年抑郁的自动情绪调节研究。首先,阐明了青少年脑发展与抑郁之间的关系,并概括了三种青少年抑郁模型。然后,澄清了自动情绪调节的内涵和经典范式,而且从时间和空间方面,总结了青少年抑郁的自动情绪调节的神经机制的相关文献。最后,未来要加强功能连接研究,采用经颅直流电刺激(t DCS)、重复经颅磁刺激(r TMS)技术开展干预研究。     

早发性抑郁及其神经基础

儿童期和青少年期抑郁（早发性抑郁）表现出与成年期抑郁不同的一些临床症状、药物疗效和生理反应特征,导致这些差异的神经生物学基础目前尚不清楚。儿童期和青少年期神经系统的发展变化可能参与早发性抑郁的病生理,尤其是单胺能神经递质系统结构和功能的变化与早发性抑郁的生理和药物治疗反应密切相关。早发性抑郁动物模型的建立是研究早发性抑郁脑机制的基础,未来研究的重点是发展有效的早发性抑郁治疗药物和早期心理行为干预技术     

Adolescent development of insula‐dependent interoceptive regulation

Adolescence is hypothesized to be a critical period for the maturation of self‐regulatory capacities, including those that depend on interoceptive sensitivity, but the neural basis of interoceptive regulation in adolescence is unknown. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and psychophysiology to study interoceptive regulation in healthy adolescent females. Participants regulated their gut activities in response to a virtual roller coaster by deep breathing aided by visually monitoring their online electrogastrogram (EGG) activity through a virtual thermometer (i.e. gut biofeedback), or without biofeedback. Analyses focused on the insula, given its putative role in interoception. The bilateral posterior insula showed increased activation in the no‐biofeedback compared to biofeedback condition, suggesting that the participants relied more on interoceptive input when exteroceptive feedback was unavailable. The bilateral dorsal anterior insula showed activation linearly associated with age during both induction and regulation, and its activation during regulation correlated positively with change of EGG in the tachygastria frequency band from induction to regulation. Induction‐related activation in the bilateral ventral anterior insula was nonlinearly associated with age and peaked at mid‐adolescence. These results implicate different developmental trajectories of distinct sub‐regions of the insula in interoceptive processes, with implications for competing neurobiological theories of female adolescent development.     

Adolescent Neurodevelopment and Psychopathology

Adolescence is a high-risk period for the onset of psychopathology. The occurrence of depression increases markedly in the years following the onset of puberty, and most individuals who are eventually diagnosed with a psychotic disorder show a marked rise in adjustment problems during adolescence. It is well established that puberty involves increases in the secretion of gonadal hormones. More recently, research has shown that stress hormones show a similar normative rise following puberty. Accumulating findings indicate that the postpubescent period is also characterized by significant neurodevelopment; there are changes in brain structure and function that are partially a consequence of hormonal factors. Researchers are now challenged to elucidate the neural mechanisms relating postpubertal neurodevelopment with the elevations in risk for psychopathology that characterize adolescence. One plausible mechanism is the effect of hormones on gene expression. The normal neuromaturational processes observed in adolescence partially reflect the effect of gonadal hormones on the expression of genes that control brain development. Hormone surges following puberty may also trigger the expression of genes that code for brain abnormalities that give rise to mental disorders.     

基于神经成像技术的青少年大脑发育研究

大脑成熟是一个动态过程, 高级神经活动的发育主要集中于个体发展的第二个10年：青少年时期。青少年时期是行为、认知和脑迅速发展的时期。青少年普遍表现出来的注意、冲动控制、计划、决策等认知能力的提高都是基于神经系统的成熟发展起来的。运用神经成像等技术的研究指出, 大脑在青少年时期的发展经历着突触精简以及髓鞘化的过程; 白质、灰质在青少年时期的成熟有不同的发展轨迹。青少年大脑皮层的成熟顺序与认知功能的发展相联系, 人脑的高级认知功能在青少年时期发展完成。在这一过程中, 脑的发展会受到情绪、环境以及经验等因素的影响。     

Trait Extraversion and Dopamine Function

An influential theory within personality neuroscience suggests that trait extraversion is underpinned by individual differences in dopamine function. In a review of the relevant literature, we evaluate this theory in light of the evidence from molecular genetics, neuroimaging, and psychopharmacology. Evidence linking individual differences in extraversion with dopamine‐relevant genes, structural volume of dopamine‐rich brain regions (e.g., in striatal and ventral prefrontal areas), dopamine receptor availability, and frontal alpha asymmetry is mixed at best. Evidence concerning both scalp recorded (electroencephalogram) and hemodynamic (functional magnetic resonance imaging) neural responses to rewards appears somewhat more promising. Perhaps the best evidence concerns extraversion‐dependent responses – both neural and behavioural – to dopaminergic drugs. Future research in this area must go beyond the demonstration of theoretically consistent associations and attempt to provide more specific causal evidence for the dopamine hypothesis of extraversion. A further challenge is to expand this hypothesis to incorporate other neurobiological processes that are likely to underlie this trait.     

A Multimethodological Study of Preschoolers' Preferences for Aggressive Television and Video Games

The association between aggressive media and related behavior is complicated, and the role of underlying genetics has not been adequately explored. A better understanding of the role of genetics on the relationship between aggressive media and behavior, especially in young children, is critical. Using a twin/triplets sample (N = 184 children), the authors investigated the association between preschoolers' preferred media choices and their aggressive behaviors. A multimeasure methodology was utilized, examining children's reports of their preferred media games and shows, observed child negativity and aggression in the lab, and parent reports of their own and their children's aggressive behaviors. The results demonstrated a significant relationship between maternal aggression and parent-reported child aggression, especially for boys. Genetic analyses demonstrated significant heritability for children's parent-reported aggressive behaviors, supporting the biological basis of aggression, but not for media aggression preferences. Controlling for genetics, the authors found that the association between media preferences and aggressive behavior may be genetic in origin. These results emphasize the importance of considering shared genetics underlying the relationship between children's aggressive behaviors and their media preferences, as well as environmental influences. By examining preschoolers, the present study provides insight into the importance of media influences in children younger than those previously studied.     

The adolescent brain

Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by suboptimal decisions and actions that give rise to an increased incidence of unintentional injuries and violence, alcohol and drug abuse, unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Traditional neurobiological and cognitive explanations for adolescent behavior have failed to account for the nonlinear changes in behavior observed during adolescence, relative to childhood and adulthood. This review provides a biologically plausible conceptualization of the neural mechanisms underlying these nonlinear changes in behavior, as a heightened responsiveness to incentives while impulse control is still relatively immature during this period. Recent human imaging and animal studies provide a biological basis for this view, suggesting differential development of limbic reward systems relative to top-down control systems during adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood. This developmental pattern may be exacerbated in those adolescents with a predisposition toward risk-taking, increasing the risk for poor outcomes.     

Food reinforcement and eating: a multilevel analysis

Eating represents a choice among many alternative behaviors. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of how food reinforcement and behavioral choice theory are related to eating and to show how this theoretical approach may help organize research on eating from molecular genetics through treatment and prevention of obesity. Special emphasis is placed on how food reinforcement and behavioral choice theory are relevant to understanding excess energy intake and obesity and how they provide a framework for examining factors that may influence eating and are outside of those that may regulate energy homeostasis. Methods to measure food reinforcement are reviewed, along with factors that influence the reinforcing value of eating. Contributions of neuroscience and genetics to the study of food reinforcement are illustrated by using the example of dopamine. Implications of food reinforcement for obesity and positive energy balance are explored, with suggestions for novel approaches to obesity treatment based on the synthesis of behavioral and pharmacological approaches to food reinforcement.     

The antisocial phenomenon in adolescence: What is literature telling us?

Our paper offers a reflection on the state of the art of antisocial behaviors in adolescence, seeking to review and synthesize relevant conclusions from developmental investigation on this subject. We begin by identifying the peculiarities of the antisocial phenomenon in adolescence, with particular focus on social and family aspects that may influence social behaviors at this stage, as well as on individual variables that undergo considerable development in adolescence and may play an important role in risk behaviors, such as psychosocial competence, personality, self-concept, and intelligence. The general conclusion points out questions that remain unanswered. Therefore, work seeking to address some of those questions is presented.     

胚胎期可卡因、吗啡暴露影响子代成瘾相关行为的神经发育机制

孕期使用毒品可影响胎儿大脑的正常发育,导致脑内神经递质系统异常以及行为的改变.近年来不断有研究证据提示,胚胎期接触可卡因、吗啡等成瘾药物,可以影响神经细胞的增殖、迁移或凋亡等发育过程,使中脑皮层边缘系统中多巴胺、GABA、谷氨酸等神经元形态、受体功能以及突触可塑性发生改变,从而导致子代的学习记忆和成瘾易感性等行为异常.本文将从行为、神经发育、递质系统以及脑功能等层面归纳胚胎期用药对成瘾相关行为影响机制的重要研究进展,并试图提出可能的研究展望.     

青少年创造性发展及其脑机制研究进展

青少年时期是创造性发展的关键阶段,探明青少年创造性发展规律及其神经机制对于培养和激发个体的创新潜能具有重要意义。本文综述了青少年创造性发展及其脑机制的研究进展,分别对青少年创造性思维发展趋势、影响因素及其相应的脑机制展开综述,并在此基础上进行了展望。总体而言,青少年时期创造性思维发展呈现出两个波峰(11~13岁,15~16岁)的发展趋势;青少年创造性发展受外部原生家庭教养方式和学校教师激励以及内部情绪动机和自我管理能力的影响较大;前额叶对青少年创造性发展具有重要作用,这可能与该脑区涉及执行控制功能有关。针对青少年创造性发展的教育干预以及大脑可塑性可能成为该领域的研究热点;而大样本纵向跟踪多模态脑影像数据库的建立可为相关研究提供重要支持。     

友谊质量与青少年直觉进食：链式中介模型及性别差异

基于积极心理学, 采用友谊质量量表、自我怜悯量表、身体欣赏量表和直觉进食量表, 对2438名初中生进行调查, 并运用结构方程模型探讨友谊质量与青少年直觉进食的关系、作用机制及其性别差异。结果表明：(1)友谊质量与直觉进食呈显著正相关; (2)自我怜悯和积极身体意象在友谊质量与直觉进食间起中介作用, 且该中介作用包含三条路径：自我怜悯的单独中介作用、积极身体意象的单独中介作用以及自我怜悯-积极身体意象的链式中介作用; (3)中介效应性别差异仅出现在友谊质量与直觉进食(分维度)的关系中, 即“无条件地允许进食”和“进食不受情绪影响”两个维度。研究结果为促进青少年形成积极身体意象、健康饮食行为提供了参考建议和干预指导。