多重记忆系统的研究及其进展

多重记忆系统是当前记忆研究的一场活跃领域。它改变了传统的认为记忆是单一统一体的观点,而把它看作由多种动态的,相互作用的记忆系统所组成。章主要从心理和生物这两种分析水平来对多重记忆系统进行阐述,并着重介绍了该领域近年来所取得的研究进展。     

外显与内隐刻板印象的分布式表征及其激活过程——基于认知神经科学视角的探索

刻板印象是人们有关群体的行为特征与特质属性信念化的认识, 它多以语义图式形式存储于长时记忆中。依据激活过程中意识参与程度的不同, 刻板印象具有内隐和外显两种表现型。不同于双加工理论“自动激活+认知控制”的研究视角, 本项目计划从内隐/外显记忆的多重记忆系统模型出发, 试图检验内隐与外显刻板印象在表征机制和激活过程上的差异。现有的多重记忆系统模型虽能解释内隐和外显刻板印象在记忆存储与提取上的机制差别, 但却无法阐释二者语义表征带有的心理理论特性以及二者的认知控制过程。有鉴于此, 本项目拟吸收“镜像系统−心理化系统”模型和双加工理论各自在特质与信念加工以及刻板印象认知控制上的理论优势, 深入探索内隐和外显刻板印象的分布式表征机制。借助ERP技术的时间过程优势和fMRI技术的脑区动态因果建模优势, 研究结果将最终揭示刻板印象分布式语义表征的动态加工机制。     

启动效应与知觉表征系统

知觉表征系统最近被认知心理学家广泛认同,Ｓｃｈａｃｔｅｒ认为知觉表征系统在内隐记忆测验中起重要作用,知觉表征系统又与失语、失认、失读有密切联系屈此深入分析它们本身的特点以及它们三者之间的联系有助于明确内隐记忆。本文综述了这方面的研究情况,对从多种记忆系统方向进一步明确内隐记忆具有一定的可信性。近年来,记忆研究中最吸引人的结果就是内隐记忆与外显记忆重大的实验性分离现象。对这种分离现象,心理学家提出了多种理论解释,例如激活话、加工说、知觉表征系统、多种记忆系统等等［１．２．３．４］。本文仅探讨启动效应与知觉表征系统的关系。     

共享心智模型和交互记忆系统:对立或协同?——基于知识管理视角

共享心智模型和交互记忆系统是知识管理领域中两个新的研究视角。共享心智模型是指团队成员共享的、对团队情境中关键要素的、系统的理解和心理表征;交互记忆系统是团队成员之间形成的一种彼此依赖的,用以编码、储存和提取不同领域知识的合作性分工系统。在分析共享心智模型和交互记忆系统内涵的基础上,作者深入剖析了两者的对立和协同关系,系统探讨了影响两者效应的情景变量,为从认知角度提高团队知识管理水平提供了理论依据。     

记忆研究的功能取向

记忆功能是人类适应环境的结果,记忆系统的“设计”（运作机制）则支持其功能。因此,通过探究人类面临的适应性问题,分析记忆功能,再推测并验证记忆解决方案,是研究记忆的一种可靠途径,此即为记忆研究的功能取向。本文以记忆的生存优势效应（相比控制加工条件,判断单词对求生情境的重要性可获得更好的记忆保持量）、多重记忆系统的分离与协同、记忆对未来的价值等问题为例,具体阐明了该取向是如何促进研究者理解记忆运作的。     

用间接测量的方法对记忆功能老化的研究

本文通过对记忆测量和记忆形式的区分,简要介绍了认知功能老化的内隐记忆研究成果和有关理论,指出应进一步开展对记忆功能老化间接测量的研究。     

图形信息在记忆系统中的保持与提取

图形信息的保持与提取是图形信息加工的重要环节。不同记忆系统对图形信息的加工特点存在差异。语义信息必须经过复述才能进入长时记忆系统,图形信息似乎也可以经复述进入长时记忆。相比之下,两者的途径和方式有所不同。影响图形特征提取的因素既有刺激物的外在因素,也包括记忆者的内在因素,如期望、经验和推理等．记忆系统的信息加工特性研究主要以抽象的语义信息加工为主,还应进一步加强图形信息记忆过程的研究。     

图形信息在记忆系统中的保持及提取

图形信息的保持与提取是图形信息加工的重要环节。不同记忆系统对图形信息的加工特点存在差异。语义信息必须经过复述才能进入长时记忆系统,图形信息似乎也可以经复述进入长时记忆。相比之下,两的途径和方式有所不同。影响图形特征提取的因素既有剌激物的外在因素,也包括记忆的内在因素,如期望、经验和推理等。记忆系统的信息加工特性研究主要以抽象的语义信息加工为主,还应进一步加强图形信息记忆过程的研究。     

试论内隐记忆的性质和理论解释

沿着内隐记忆研究的历史发展轨迹阐述了内隐记忆现象的客观存在;深入分析了内隐记忆这一概念,并将其与一些相关概念（诸如外显记忆,无意识记,内隐学习,启动效应,实验性分离现象）进行了比较;概略地介绍了内隐记忆的研究状况及理论解释;最后提出应建立一个意识记忆和无意识记忆相统一、各种合理的理论解释和理论模型相一致的记忆系统的理论模型。     

抑郁症的整合情绪记忆模型述评

多种早期情绪记忆模型尝试揭示抑郁症的认知致病原因和机制。但是,抑郁症的致病因素存在多样性,而各个模型只侧重于某个方面,难以全面、系统、准确对其进行的诠释。整合情绪记忆模型将记忆建构、自我图式、自传体记忆、内隐记忆等认知结构进行系统的整合,从编码和提取的角度对抑郁症的的发生、持续和治疗提供新的解释,为抑郁症的预防、治疗提供了新思路。     

Behavioural evidence for separating components within visuo-spatial working memory

Several different sources of evidence support the idea that visuo-spatial working memory can be segregated into separate cognitive subsystems. However, the nature of these systems remains unclear. Recently we reported data from neurological patients suggesting that information about visual appearance is retained in a different subsystem from information about spatial location. In this paper we report latency data from neurologically intact participants showing an experimental double dissociation between memory for appearance and memory for location. This was achieved by use of a selective dual task interference technique. This pattern provides evidence supporting the segregation of visuo-spatial memory between two systems, one of which supports memory for stimulus appearance and the other which supports memory for spatial location.     

Visual perspective in autobiographical memories: Reliability,consistency, and relationship to objective memory performance

Visual perspective in autobiographical memories was examined in terms of reliability, consistency, and relationship to objective memory performance in a sample of 99 individuals. Autobiographical memories may be recalled from two visual perspectives—a field perspective in which individuals experience the memory through their own eyes, or an observer perspective in which individuals experience the memory from the viewpoint of an observer in which they can see themselves. Participants recalled nine word-cued memories that differed in emotional valence (positive, negative and neutral) and rated their memories on 18 scales. Results indicate that visual perspective was the most reliable memory characteristic overall and is consistently related to emotional intensity at the time of recall and amount of emotion experienced during the memory. Visual perspective is unrelated to memory for words, stories, abstract line drawings or faces.     

The effects of autobiographical memory and visual perspective on working memory

The present research aims to explore whether recalling and writing about autobiographical memory from different perspectives (first-person perspective vs. third-person perspective) could affect cognitive function. The participants first performed a working memory task to evaluate their working memory capacity as a baseline and then were instructed to recall (Study 1) or write about (Study 2) personal events (failures vs. successes) from the first-person perspective or the third-person perspective. Finally, they performed the working memory task again. The results suggested that autobiographical memory and perspective influence working memory interactively. When recalling a success, the participants who recalled from the third-person perspective performed better than those who recalled from the first-person perspective on the working memory capacity task; when recalling a failure, the opposite was true.     

Nature of the working memory deficit in fragile-X syndrome

Working memory performance in a group of young Fragile X males with FMR-1 full mutation was compared to a learning disabled comparison group comprising Down's syndrome males and two control groups of mainstream schoolchildren. Performance was assessed on a battery of tasks tapping the three components of working memory-phonological loop, visual-spatial sketch pad, and the central executive. The results indicated that the Fragile X group displayed a general impairment on working memory tasks that cannot be attributed to a single working memory component per se. Instead, the results suggest that Fragile X males have a working memory deficit that may be attributed to how much attentional resource a specific task requires and their overall available executive capacity, irrespective of the working memory subsystem.     

肢体运动信息如何在工作记忆中存储?

肢体运动(空间位置运动与身体模式运动)是个体与环境交互作用的重要途径。以往行为学和脑成像研究分别探讨了空间位置运动信息和身体模式运动信息的工作记忆存储问题, 发现两种肢体运动信息的存储均独立于语音环、视空间画板的视觉子系统, 需要视空间画板的空间子系统的参与; 两种肢体运动信息激活的脑区(运动相关皮层)独立于语音环、视空间画板的视觉子系统和空间子系统, 并存在差异。这表明, 现有的工作记忆多成分模型不能完全解释肢体运动信息的存储。据此可推论, 工作记忆系统中可能存在一个负责处理肢体运动信息的“肢体运动系统”, 其隶属于视空间画板, 与视觉子系统和空间子系统并存; 其激活脑区因肢体运动的不同而存在差异。     

视觉客体工作记忆中图形特征存储与捆绑时程

采用单探测变化检测范式,考察了形状和颜色客体在工作记忆中的表征方式、特征检测类型及初始刺激呈现时间对工作记忆表征的影响。结果表明:(1)视觉客体工作记忆的表征包括两个水平,首先是对客体的特征进行加工存储,其次才是对特征的捆绑;(2)不同特征的加工时间不同,颜色的加工完成的较早,记忆效果好,而形状的加工完成的较晚,记忆效果也差,表现出颜色的子系统优势;(3)特征的捆绑不是必需的,只有在任务需要时才进行,并且捆绑的过程符合特征捆绑的双阶段理论。     

从个体到集体：心理学视角下的集体记忆

基于拓展思维的社会互动主义视角, 采用流行病学研究思路, 记忆的形成与维护构成了集体记忆心理学研究的核心问题。相关研究一方面以“对话”为研究语境, 系统阐释了集体记忆形成中的社会传染、检索诱发遗忘、共享现实和网络聚合等心理机制; 另一方面, 聚焦于既存的记忆, 阐释了集体记忆有效性的心理原则, 同时, 记忆的身份关联性得到了确证。集体记忆心理学研究仍需拓展视野, 加强对文化记忆的有效性研究, 密切关注媒介技术变革引发的记忆变化, 积极推进本土化研究。     

Observer memories may not be for everyone

ABSTRACT

Six studies explored the preponderance of people who experience third-person perspective observer memories during autobiographical memory retrieval. The concept of first-person field versus observer memories has been extensively used in the areas of cognitive, social, and clinical psychology. An implicit assumption is the idea that most people use both of these perspectives. What varies are the circumstances that bias people to use one perspective over another for a given autobiographical memory. We challenge that assumption across six studies by showing that, while there are some people who report to regularly have observer memories, there are also those that report to rarely or never have them. These reports were found to be related to levels of reported dissociative experiences. We discuss how this difference in the experience of observer memories may also reflect other innate characteristics, and may correspond to predispositions for various pathologies, including depression, social phobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder.     

Stability of deferred imitation in 12- to 18-month-old infants: A closer look into developmental dynamics

Deferred imitation is used to assess declarative memory in infants. Although a lot of studies show that infants from 6 months onwards are able to re-enact actions following a delay, only a few studies describe early declarative memory longitudinally. From a variable-centred approach, these studies found a modest relationship between measurement occasions that increases with age. However, no studies have analysed the differential aspect of memory development from a person-centred perspective. The present study analyses memory stabilities both from a variable-centred and person-centred approach within a sample of N = 87 infants of a 2-wave longitudinal design (12- and 18-month-olds). From a variable-centred perspective, the results indicate that, first, there was a significant increase in infants' memory performance and, second, that although reliable, the stability of infants' memory performance was relatively low. From a person-centred perspective two vs. three groups of infants were differentiated showing different developmental growth trajectories and stability correlations but no differences in language, cognitive and motor development. The implications of those results in terms of further test development are discussed. Furthermore, important methodological expansions for the analysis of infants' memory data are presented and discussed.     

说明文阅读中的视角效应

说明文的阅读视角不仅影响阅读中信息的获得,而且会影响实时阅读加工过程。目前对视角效应最新的眼动研究,围绕阅读中编码相关信息到工作记忆中是否需要额外的时间这一争论,揭示了过去知识和工作记忆容量对阅读视角效应的影响,对视角效应产生的内在机制也有了更深层的认识。