关于阴茎移植的伦理问题

随着医学科学的发展,器官移植日趋成熟,不仅使患者延长了生命,更大大提高了生活质量.阴茎移植是器官移植和免疫学发展的结晶,是异体器官移植领域内新的突破,为阴茎缺失的患者带来了新生,对患者心理、家庭和社会有着重大影响.但目前异体阴茎移植刚刚起步,技术尚不成熟,且阴茎是一特殊器官,涉及到的伦理道德问题很多,我们试图从受者、供者、医生和法律等方面讨论阴茎移植所面临的伦理道德问题,希望阴茎移植能真正造福于人类.     

异体手移植几个问题的讨论

异体手移植的临床开展是自体断肢再植技术和免疫学研究发展的结晶,是异体器官移植领域内新的突破,为手缺失患者带来了重新获得新手的希望.但目前异体手移植技术尚不成熟,能否在免疫抑制剂作用下获得长期存活尚不确定.在远期疗效尚未肯定的情况下,建议加强医生自身修养和伦理道德教育,规定由少数具备条件的单位大力开展异体手移植的基础及临床研究,达到既保护患者利益,又能保证异体手移植技术顺利走向成熟,最终广泛应用于临床,造福于人类.     

从受体角度审视同种异体脸面移植的伦理问题

异体脸面移植已经成为治疗面部损伤的一种新兴的、有效的方式,对于提高面部损伤患者的生命尊严与质量具有重要意义,脸面移植的伦理辩论也应随着移植技术的进步不断更新。本文从受体角度分析了异体脸面移植存在的四个核心伦理问题,即移植资源的公平分配、成本效益比不确定、知情同意权的深入贯彻以及医疗赞助诱发的问题,提出了完善移植纳入排除标准,明确移植先后顺序、降低手术风险,提高手术安全性、保证足够考虑时间,进行知情同意评估、建立立体的费用支持体系,积极面对媒体的对策建议,旨在从伦理道德角度保障异体脸面移植患者的合理权益。     

换脸术几个问题的理性思考

换脸术是目前国内外争论的一个焦点,是异体器官移植领域内新的突破,为严重毁容患者带来了重新获得美容的希望。但是目前还有很多问题需要进一步。在远期疗效尚未肯定的情况下,作为医务工作者,我们需要加强自身修养和伦理道德教育,做出正确的决定,并不断进行相关研究,最终广泛应用于临床,造福于人类。     

换脸术几个问题的理性思考

换脸术是目前国内外争论的一个焦点,是异体器官移植领域内新的突破,为严重毁容患者带来了重新获得美容的希望.但是目前还有很多问题需要进一步.在远期疗效尚未肯定的情况下,作为医务工作者,我们需要加强自身修养和伦理道德教育,做出正确的决定,并不断进行相关研究,最终广泛应用于临床,造福于人类.     

关于睾丸移植的伦理学讨论

随着器官移植技术的发展 ,为解决男性不育及性功能障碍等疾患 ,睾丸移植应运而生。但是睾丸作为精子的生成器官 ,其移植比其他器官的移植更为敏感 ,也更易于引发伦理学问题 ,本文在简要介绍国内外睾丸移植研究进展的基础上 ,重点对睾丸移植的生命伦理学问题加以探讨。1　国内外睾丸移植的发展及现状从 1889年Brown -Sequard将一只 2岁龄狗的睾丸提取液注射到自己体内寻求返老还童以来 ,睾丸移植已经经过了一个多世纪的发展历程 ,先后经历了睾丸组织种植 ,吻合血管的自体、同种异体睾丸移植和睾丸间质细胞移植等几个探索过程和发展阶段。尤…     

肝移植的伦理学问题

肝脏移植和其它器官移植一起实现了人类长期以来渴望生命再生的梦想,并成为终末期肝病的有效治疗方法。器官移植也面对许多伦理道德方面的难题。供体,特别是活体器官的摘取,受体的选择等,都受到社会道德观的制约。从伦理道德角度来分析如何制定相关的法律法规,成为当前社会关注的热点。从受体的利益、人体科研的道德规范以及相关制度的伦理学要求等方面,较为详细的阐述肝移植伦理学的基本原则。     

肝移植的伦理学问题

肝脏移植和其它器官移植一起实现了人类长期以来渴望生命再生的梦想,并成为终末期肝病的有效治疗方法.器官移植也面对许多伦理道德方面的难题.供体,特别是活体器官的摘取,受体的选择等,都受到社会道德观的制约.从伦理道德角度来分析如何制定相关的法律法规,成为当前社会关注的热点.从受体的利益、人体科研的道德规范以及相关制度的伦理学要求等方面,较为详细的阐述肝移植伦理学的基本原则.     

大学生对人体器官移植相关问题的伦理道德认知

通过调查发现绝大多数大学生对人体器官移植持肯定态度,认为移植器官的分配应依次遵循医学、前瞻性、年龄等标准;人体器官买卖有违人类伦理道德、会带来新的犯罪与社会的混乱;强迫死囚捐献其身后器官是对其人身权与人格尊严的侵犯。可见,人体器官移植应在充分考虑效用、生命伦理及公平与公正的基础上稳妥发展。     

大学生对人体器官移植相关问题的伦理道德认知

通过调查发现绝大多数大学生对人体器官移植持肯定态度,认为移植器官的分配应依次遵循医学、前瞻性、年龄等标准;人体器官买卖有违人类伦理道德、会带来新的犯罪与社会的混乱;强迫死囚捐献其身后器官是对其人身权与人格尊严的侵犯.可见,人体器官移植应在充分考虑效用、生命伦理及公平与公正的基础上稳妥发展.     

器官移植患者社会心理因素分析

器官移植给晚期疾病的病人提供了第二次生存的机会,但同时亦带来了一系列社会、心理问题.移植患者围手术期常常出现焦虑、抑郁等心理反应,多数受者出院后仍存在不同程度的社会功能缺陷,在健康教育中应重视心理支持及培养受者社会适应能力,充分调动家庭及社会资源,促进受者尽快适应社会和家庭生活,提高生活质量.     

Not quite dead: why Egyptian doctors refuse the diagnosis of death by neurological criteria

Drawing on two years of ethnographic fieldwork in Egypt focused on organ transplantation, this paper examines the ways in which the “scientific” criteria of determining death in terms of brain function are contested by Egyptian doctors. Whereas in North American medical practice, the death of the “person” is associated with the cessation of brain function, in Egypt, any sign of biological life is evidence of the persistence, even if fleeting, of the soul. I argue that this difference does not exemplify an irresolvable culture clash but points to an unsettling aspect of cadaveric organ procurement that has emerged wherever organ transplantation is practiced. Further, I argue that a misdiagnosis of the problem, as one about “religious extremism” or a “civilizational clash,” has obfuscated unresolved concerns about fairness, access, and justice within Egyptian medical spheres. This misdiagnosis has led to the suspension of a cadaveric procurement program for over 30 years, despite Egypt’s pioneering efforts in kidney transplantation.     

国外器官捐献评估方法介绍

器官移植已成为医学上应用越来越广泛的手段之一。器官移植中器官捐献的分析评估体系作为成熟器官移植系统不可或缺的一部分,能够对器官捐献水平和做出客观的评估,包括捐献潜力,即潜在捐献者率（Potential Donors rate,,PDr）和捐献有效力,即实际捐献者率（Actual Donors rate,ADr）（单位：per million population,pmp）。本文将介绍通过对多国器官捐献评估方法进行分析、总结得出器官捐献中供体评估的主体方法,包括流程、分析方法、适用范围及其积极意义等,希望可以利于我国研究。     

我国大陆、台湾地区《人体器官移植条例》的比较研究

采用条文比较与法理分析方法,对我国大陆和台湾地区的《人体器官移植条例》进行比较,主要就立法目的、立法调整范围、人体器官自愿捐献、禁止人体器官商业交易、医疗机构与人员的准入和退出、违反人体器官移植之规定的法律责任等问题作了探讨与分析。本研究将为我国大陆地区的具体立法探索一些有价值的意见与建议。     

Organ donation terminology: are we communicating life or death?

The continued functioning of organ transplantation depends on obtaining the permission of the next of kin. This communication process between medical or transplant professionals and a donor family hinges heavily on the understanding of certain critical terms like brain dead, life support, and transplantation. Communication issues in obtaining organ donation consent were examined, with particular focus on what are literally life-and-death decisions. Using an experimental simulation methodology, data are offered in support of the claim that much miscommunication occurs in such situations. Directions for improving such communication by allaying latent fears and more carefully defining crucial terminology are offered.     

The Complex Use of Religion in Decisions on Organ Transplantation

Because of its existential character, organ transplantation is strongly connected to a person’s view of life. This article describes how participants in a focus group use religious elements in decision-making on transplantation medicine in four European countries. Further these findings are related to two influential theologians: James Gustafson and Paul Ramsey, and their thinking on the role of religion in medical ethics. Both participants’ and theologians’ use of religious elements is complex, and show significant variety in regard to both content and form. Decisions in transplantation medicine would benefit from considering the complexity of religious views when striving for informed consent as participative involvement.     

技术之后是法规和观念的更新--中国器官移植的重大进展

从我国器官移植的历史和现状出发,在器官移植的技术和基础研究有了理观念的更新.这种更新应建立在对器官移植的伦理思考和讨论的基础之上.2003年我国关于器官移植的法规和观念有了新的突破,有关的管理办法和条例也在草拟之中.中国政府和医学界对器官移植始终持积极和慎重的态度,所谓"中国移植和买卖死刑犯器官"完全是别有用心的捏造.     

Religion and Organ Donation: The Views of UK Faith Leaders

This article reports the findings from the one-to-one interviews with the main UK faith and belief leaders which were commissioned by the Organ Donation Taskforce as part of its evidence gathering. Interviews were arranged with the main faith and belief organisations within the UK. Interviews covered a range of issues related to organ donation. Although some faith groups had some reservations regarding organ donation, interviews with these leaders demonstrated that none of these faith groups have reached a consensus against organ donation. The interviewees stated that the majority opinion in their faith or belief group is to permit organ donation, with some actively supporting it. Interviewees were keen to stress that there is a broad spectrum of opinion on organ transplantation within each faith and belief group and that consequently it is difficult to speak on behalf of an entire group. One complication mentioned by interviewees is that as organ transplantation is a relatively new medical procedure, there is no explicit reference to it in many original religious texts. Consequently, positions on the receipt and donation of organs are based on interpretation. It was felt that a much greater level of engagement is needed, as organ donation is currently not a priority for many faith and belief groups.     

Marketing human organs: The autonomy paradox

The severe shortage of organs for transplantation and the continual reluctance of the public to voluntarily donate has prompted consideration of alternative strategies for organ procurement. This paper explores the development of market approaches for procuring human organs for transplantation and considers the social and moral implications of organ donation as both a “gift of life” and a “commodity exchange.” The problematic and paradoxical articulation of individual autonomy in relation to property rights and marketing human body parts is addressed. We argue that beliefs about proprietorship over human body parts and the capacity to provide consent for organ donation are culturally constructed. We contend that the political and economic framework of biomedicine, in western and non-western nations, influences access to transplantation technology and shapes the form and development of specific market approaches. Finally, we suggest that marketing approaches for organ procurement are and will be negotiated within cultural parameters constrained by several factors: beliefs about the physical body and personhood, religious traditions, economic conditions, and the availability of technological resources.