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1.
Mikulak A 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2011,45(2):201-215
As differentiation within scientific disciplines increases, so does differentiation between the sciences and other ways of knowing. This distancing between ‘scientific’ and ‘non-scientific’ cultures reflects differences
in what are considered valid and reliable approaches to acquiring knowledge and has played a major role in recent science-oriented
controversies. Scientists’ reluctance to actively engage in science communication, coupled with journalists’ reliance on the
norms of balance, conflict, and human interest in covering scientific issues, have combined to exacerbate public mistrust
of science on issues like the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. The failure of effective communications between scientists
and non-scientists has hindered the progress of both effective science and effective policy. In order to better bridge the
gap between the ‘scientific’ and ‘non-scientific’ cultures, renewed efforts must be made to encourage substantive public engagement,
with the ultimate goal of facilitating an open, democratic policy-making process. 相似文献
2.
Brydensholt HH;Danish Committee on Scientific Dishonesty 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(1):11-24
The author, a High Court Judge, has chaired the Danish Committee on Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD) since its establishment in
1992. The Committee has worked in the health sector, but from 1999 the scope has been broadened to cover all fields of science.
The article describes how the work is organised and the experiences gained.
It is stressed, that the difficulty in connection with scientific dishonesty is, first and foremost, to organise a system
suitable for investigating cases effectively, professionally, and with proper respect to the fundamental legal rights of the
parties involved.
The Committee has also spent much effort in determining what can be termed scientific dishonesty and what falls outside this
category but which may, nevertheless, be characterised as breaching of good scientific practice. It is emphasised that these
rules are not arbitrarily established by the Committee, but formulated in accordance with norms general accepted by opinion
leaders in the scientific community.
An carlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium, Scientific Misconduct. An International Perspective, organised by The Medical University of Warsaw, 16 November, 1998. The article is based on more comprehensive articles by
the same author in DCSD’s Annual Reports for 1993 and 1995. 相似文献
3.
Sweeney AE 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(3):435-464
Continuing advances in human ability to manipulate matter at the atomic and molecular levels (i.e. nanoscale science and engineering)
offer many previously unimagined possibilities for scientific discovery and technological development. Paralleling these advances
in the various science and engineering subdisciplines is the increasing realization that a number of associated social, ethical,
environmental, economic and legal dimensions also need to be explored. An important component of such exploration entails
the identification and analysis of the ways in which current and prospective researchers in these fields conceptualize these
dimensions of their work. Within the context of a National Science Foundation funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates
(REU) program in nanomaterials processing and characterization at the University of Central Florida (2002–2004), here I present
for discussion (i) details of a “nanotechnology ethics” seminar series developed specifically for students participating in
the program, and (ii) an analysis of students’ and participating research faculty’s perspectives concerning social and ethical
issues associated with nanotechnology research. I conclude with a brief discussion of implications presented by these issues
for general scientific literacy and public science education policy. 相似文献
4.
John C. Fentress 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(3):765-771
How we divide and recombine processes that underlie integrated patterns of behavior represents one of the most fundamental
problems in all behavioral science. Avenues of insight range from naturalistic observations to the most advanced technological
advances in the recording and analysis of behavioral sequences. Members of the symposium on “Streams and Patterns in Behavior,”
Maastricht Conference on Measuring Behavior, offered important complementary approaches to issues that are common in all analyses
of behavioral patterns, across time scales and levels of organization. Rodent grooming was emphasized as one model system,
but contributors also offered insights on a range of issues relevant to our deeper understanding of exploration, emotions,
consciousness, and human neurological disorders. 相似文献
5.
Boltzmann’s Bildtheorie, which asserts that scientific theories are ‘mental pictures’ having at best a partial similarity
to reality, was a core element of his philosophy of science. The aim of this article is to draw attention to a neglected aspect
of it, namely its significance for the issue of scientific explanation and understanding, regarded by Boltzmann as central
goals of science. I argue that, in addition to being an epistemological view of the interpretation of scientific theories
Boltzmann’s Bildtheorie has implications for the nature of scientific understanding. This aspect has as yet been ignored because
discussion of the Bildtheorie has been restricted to the realism-instrumentalism debate. To elucidate my analysis of Boltzmann’s
Bildtheorie concrete examples are presented, and the pragmatist and Darwinist roots of Boltzmann’s view are discussed.
Moreover, I propose to use Boltzmann’s ideas as a starting-point for developing a novel analysis of the notion of scientific
understanding, of which a brief impression is given. It shows that the study of Boltzmann’s philosophy is not only of historical
interest but can be relevant also to modern philosophy of science and to the methodology of theoretical physics.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Mohr A 《Science and engineering ethics》2011,17(4):667-672
The potential for public engagement to democratise science has come under increasing scrutiny amid concerns that conflicting
motivations have led to confusion about what engagement means to those who mediate science and publics. This raises important
yet relatively unexplored questions regarding how publics are constituted by different forms of engagement used by intermediary
scholars and other actors. It is possible to identify at least two possible ‘rationalities of mediation’ that mobilise different
versions of the public and the roles they are assumed to play, as ‘citizens’ or ‘users’, in discussions around technology.
However, combinations of rationalities are found in practice and these have significant implications for the ‘new’ scientific
democracy. 相似文献
7.
Throughout more than two millennia philosophers adhered massively to ideal standards of scientific rationality going back
ultimately to Aristotle’s Analytica posteriora. These standards got progressively shaped by and adapted to new scientific needs and tendencies. Nevertheless, a core of
conditions capturing the fundamentals of what a proper science should look like remained remarkably constant all along. Call
this cluster of conditions the Classical Model of Science. In this paper we will do two things. First of all, we will propose a general and systematized account of the Classical Model
of Science. Secondly, we will offer an analysis of the philosophical significance of this model at different historical junctures
by giving an overview of the connections it has had with a number of important topics. The latter include the analytic-synthetic
distinction, the axiomatic method, the hierarchical order of sciences and the status of logic as a science. Our claim is that
particularly fruitful insights are gained by seeing themes such as these against the background of the Classical Model of
Science. In an appendix we deal with the historiographical background of this model by considering the systematizations of
Aristotle’s theory of science offered by Heinrich Scholz, and in his footsteps by Evert W. Beth. 相似文献
8.
Steven French 《Synthese》2010,172(2):231-249
Stein once urged us not to confuse the means of representation with that which is being represented. Yet that is precisely
what philosophers of science appear to have done at the meta-level when it comes to representing the practice of science.
Proponents of the so-called ‘syntactic’ view identify theories as logically closed sets of sentences or propositions and models
as idealised interpretations, or ‘theoruncula, as Braithwaite called them. Adherents of the ‘semantic’ approach, on the other
hand, are typically characterised as taking them to be families of models that are set-theoretic, according to Suppes and
others, or abstract, as Giere has argued. da Costa and French (Science and Partial Truth. OUP, Oxford, 2003) suggested that
we should refrain from ontological speculation as to the nature of scientific theories and models and focus on their appropriate
representation for various purposes within the philosophy of science. Such an approach allows both linguistic and non-linguistic
resources to play their appropriate role (see also French and Saatsi, Philosophy of Science, Proceedings of the 2004 PSA Meeting,
78:548–559, 2006) and can be supported by recent case studies illustrating the heterogeneity of scientific practice. My aim
in this paper is to further develop this ‘quietist’ view, and to indicate how it offers a fruitful way forward for the philosophy
of science. 相似文献
9.
Summary In 1997, five decades after the publication of the landmark Hempel-Oppenheim article “Studies in the Logic of Explanation”([1948], 1970) Wesley Salmon published Causality and Explanation, a book that re-addresses the issue of scientific explanation. He provided an overview of the basic approaches to scientific explanation, stressed their weaknesses, and offered novel insights. However, he failed to mention Mary Hesse’s approach to the topic and analyze her standpoint. This essay brings front and center Hesse’s approach to scientific explanation formulated in the 1960s and argues that rereading Hesse’s account one can overcome the criticisms addressed towards another influential theory of explanation that of Bas van Fraassen’s. Furthermore, it could bring the traditional philosophy of science into a fruitful conversation with science and technology studies and gender studies in science, technology and medicine. 相似文献
10.
Professor Sheila Jasanoff Ph.D. 《Science and engineering ethics》1996,2(3):263-276
This paper addresses, and seeks to correct, some frequent misunderstandings concerning the claim that science is socially
constructed. It describes several features of scientific inquiry that have been usefully illuminated by constructivist studies
of science, including the mundane or tacit skills involved in research, the social relationships in scientific laboratories,
the causes of scientific controversy, and the interconnection of science and culture. Social construction, the paper argues,
should be seen not as an alternative to but an enhancement of scientists’ own professional understanding of how science is
done. The richer, more finely textured accounts of scientific practice that the constructivist approach provides are potentially
of great relevance to public policy.
This paper is based on a Topical Lecture presented at AMSIE'96, the 162nd National Meeting of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science. Baltimore, Maryland, 8–13 February 1996. The views expressed are those of the author and do not
reflect the opinions of the AAAS or its Board of Directors. For permission to cite or quote any part of this paper please
refer to the author for permission. 相似文献
11.
Thomas Uebel 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2011,42(1):129-140
This paper offers a refutation of J. C. Pinto de Oliveira’s recent critique of revisionist Carnap scholarship as giving undue
weight to two brief letters to Kuhn expressing his interest in the latter’s work. First an argument is provided to show that
Carnap and Kuhn are by no means divided by a radical mismatch of their conceptions of the rationality of science as supposedly
evidenced by their stance towards the distinction of the contexts of discovery and justification. This is followed by an argument
to the effect that the fact that Carnap’s own work concentrated on formal aspects of scientific theories does not licence
the conclusion that he thought historical investigations and concerns irrelevant for what we nowadays would rightly call “philosophy
of science”. 相似文献
12.
Summary Following Mr. Bixby and some other 19th century scientist– philosophers such as Claude Bernard, relevant scientific actions
should, as a matter of primary importance, be explained with reference to the competence and not to the intentions of those
involved. The background is a reliabilist virtue approach – a widespread tendency in 19th century epistemology and philosophy
of science. Bixby’s approach includes a critique of some constructivist arguments and establishes a mutually supportive connection
to conceptions of scientific progress. 相似文献
13.
Bryan Pfaffenberger 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1999,12(3):94-112
Imagine if each square of pavement on the sidewalk had an owner, and pedestrians required a license to step on it. Imagine
the negotiations necessary to walk an entire block under this system. That is what writing a program will be like if software
patents continue. The sparks of creativity and individualism that have driven the computer revolution will be snuffed out.
Imagine if each square of pavement on the sidewalk had an owner, and pedestrians required a license to step on it. Imagine
the negotiations necessary to walk an entire block under this system. That is what writing a program will be like if software
patents continue. The sparks of creativity and individualism that have driven the computer revolution will be snuffed out.—Richard
Stallman and Simson Garfinkel (1992)
This article highlights the vulnerability of the open source software movement to patent infringement lawsuits. With the number
of patents on software algorithms predicted to exceed 100,000 this year, it is now virtually impossible to write any computer
program, however trivial, that does not violate one or more patents. This paper argues that this situation is not only ludicrous,
but it is contrary to any reasonable reading of the Constitution’s intentions with respect to the protection of intellectual
property. In addition, the patentability of software algorithms stems from the U.S. Supreme Court’s failure to grasp one of
the most fundamental concepts of computer science. From this error stems a long, dysfunctional chain of legal reasoning and
patent policies, the effect of which has been to transform the mental reasoning processes, abstract knowledge, and scientific
truths of computing into patentable subject matter. The result poses a potentially catastrophic threat not only to the open
source software movement and the emerging industry of electronic commerce, but more fundamentally, to the very existence of
the sciences of computing, without which further U.S. technological leadership will be impossible to sustain.
An anthropologist, Dr. Pfaffenberger has authored dozens of how-to and reference books on computers and the Internet. He won
the Albert Payson Usher Prize from the Society for the History of Technology and the Best Book of the Year Award from the
American Society for Information Science. 相似文献
14.
James Ladyman 《Synthese》2011,178(1):87-98
van Fraassen (The empirical stance, 2002) contrasts the empirical stance with the materialist stance. The way he describes
them makes both of them attractive, and while opposed they have something in common for both stances are scientific approaches
to philosophy. The difference between them reflects their differing conceptions of science itself. Empiricists emphasise fallibilism,
verifiability and falsifiability, and also to some extent scepticism and tolerance of novel hypotheses. Materialists regard
the theoretical picture of the world as matter in motion as a true and explanatory account and insist on not taking ‘spooky’
entities or processes seriously as potential explanations of phenomena that so far lie outside the scope of successful science.
The history of science shows us that both stances have been instrumental in the achievement of progress at various times.
It is therefore plausible for a naturalist to suggest that science depends for its success on the dialectic between empiricism
and materialism. A truly naturalist approach to philosophy ought then to synthesise them. Call the synthesized empiricist
and materialist stances ‘the scientistic stance’. This paper elaborates and defends it. 相似文献
15.
Numerous stereotypes exist regarding race and gender, and while all are difficult to eradicate, one still regnant throughout
society is the notion that females are not as capable as males within the fields of math and science. In order to expose this
belief as faulty, an in depth literature review was initiated, with special attention being placed on interventions considered
helpful in eliminating stereotype threat. The paper’s primary purpose centered on how, and to what extent, stereotype threats
affect the mathematics scores of females and minorities. In addition, case studies and a critical perspective regarding the
research, as well as suggestions for future research, are discussed. 相似文献
16.
Anjan Chakravartty 《Synthese》2010,172(2):197-213
Recent work in the philosophy of science has generated an apparent conflict between theories attempting to explicate the nature
of scientific representation. On one side, there are what one might call ‘informational’ views, which emphasize objective
relations (such as similarity, isomorphism, and homomorphism) between representations (theories, models, simulations, diagrams,
etc.) and their target systems. On the other side, there are what one might call ‘functional’ views, which emphasize cognitive
activities performed in connection with these targets, such as interpretation and inference. The main sources of the impression
of conflict here are arguments by some functionalists to the effect that informational theories are flawed: it is suggested
that relations typically championed by informational theories are neither necessary nor sufficient for scientific representation,
and that any theory excluding functions is inadequate. In this paper I critically examine these arguments, and contend that,
as it turns out, informational and functional theories are importantly complementary. 相似文献
17.
Marcin Skladanowski 《Zygon》2019,54(1):46-65
One of the interesting aspects of Russian self‐definition in opposition to the West is its attitude toward Western science. Russian distrust of scientific and technological progress in the West is an important force shaping contemporary Russian identity. This article touches on these issues in four parts. The first section characterizes two main conservative circles that are active in today's disputes over the significance of scientific development for Russian identity. The second demonstrates certain Russian contemporary concerns related to scientific and technological progress, which will enable us to explain the position of the Russian Orthodox Church. The third section presents the political, religious, and identity context for the suspicion toward science expressed by Russian conservatives. The final section, on the other hand, discusses the way in which Russian Orthodox neoconservatism uses Orthodox anthropology to raise suspicion toward scientific and technological achievements. 相似文献
18.
John E. Carr Eugene K. Emory Anthony Errichetti Suzanne Bennett Johnson Elena Reyes 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(1):33-39
The Institute of Medicine has reviewed and made recommendations concerning current teaching approaches, content, and barriers
to the incorporation of behavioral/social sciences in medical school curricula (Cuff & Vanselow, 2004). This paper discusses
those recommendations, the history of medical education reform, the barriers to and evolution of behavioral/social sciences’
inclusion, and the implications for psychology’s future role in academic medicine. Psychological concepts and technology permeate
medical practice, but little progress has been made in integrating psychological and biological sciences. Looking to its basic
science domains (e.g. cognition, learning, development, neuroscience), psychology can take scientific leadership in illuminating
the mechanisms by which behavioral/social processes interact with biological functions in health, thereby providing the empirical
basis for a truly integrated bio-behavioral curriculum.
This article is based upon a symposium, “IOM Report on Enhancing Behavioral & Social Science in Medical Education: Impact
and Opportunities for Psychology,” presented at the Annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington,
D.C., August 21, 2005. Suzanne Bennett Johnson, Chair; Elena Reyes, John E. Carr, and Anthony Errichetti, participants; Eugene
K. Emory, Discussant. 相似文献
19.
P. D. Magnus 《Synthese》2006,148(2):295-301
The problem of underdetermination is thought to hold important lessons for philosophy of science. Yet, as Kyle Stanford has
recently argued, typical treatments of it offer only restatements of familiar philosophical problems. Following suggestions
in Duhem and Sklar, Stanford calls for a New Induction from the history of science. It will provide proof, he thinks, of “the kind of underdetermination that the history of science
reveals to be a distinctive and genuine threat to even our best scientific theories” (Stanford 2001, p. S12). This paper examines
Stanford’s New Induction and argues that it – like the other forms of underdetermination that he criticizes – merely recapitulates
familiar philosophical conundra. 相似文献
20.