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1.
Susanne Gibson 《Res Publica》2006,12(1):77-95
To claim that respect is one of the cornerstones of professional ethics is uncontroversial. However, it has become commonplace
in the philosophical literature to distinguish between different kinds of respect. This paper considers the distinction between
‘recognition respect,’ said to be owed to persons as such, and ‘appraisal respect,’ said to be owed to those persons whom
merit it, in the context of the professional–client relationship. Using the practice of counselling as an example, it is argued
that both kinds of respect have a place in the professional–client relationship, which is in turn articulated as a relationship
between equally fallible moral agents. 相似文献
2.
Mari Mikkola 《Res Publica》2007,13(4):361-380
Some feminist gender sceptics hold that the conditions for satisfying the concept woman cannot be discerned. This has been taken to suggest that (i) the efforts to fix feminism’s scope are undermined because of
confusion about the extension of the term ‘woman’, and (ii) this confusion suggests that feminism cannot be organised around
women because it is unclear who satisfies woman. Further, this supposedly threatens the effectiveness of feminist politics: feminist goals are said to become unachievable,
if feminist politics lacks a clear subject matter. In this paper, I argue that such serious consequences do not follow from
the gender sceptic position.
I presented an earlier version of this paper at the ‘Stirling Political Philosophy Group’ meeting and am grateful to those
present for their constructive criticisms. I am also grateful to Alan Millar, the anonymous referees for this journal and
Jenny Saul (who has read more than one version of this paper!) for their detailed and extremely helpful comments and suggestions. 相似文献
3.
Gert Biesta 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2011,30(2):141-153
Much work in the field of education for democratic citizenship is based on the idea that it is possible to know what a good
citizen is, so that the task of citizenship education becomes that of the production of the good citizen. In this paper I
ask whether and to what extent we can and should understand democratic citizenship as a positive identity. I approach this
question by means of an exploration of four dimensions of democratic politics—the political community, the borders of the
political order, the dynamics of democratic processes and practices, and the status of the democratic subject—in order to
explore whether and to what extent the ‘essence’ of democratic politics can and should be understood as a particular order.
For this I engage with ideas from Chantal Mouffe and Jacques Rancière who both have raised fundamental questions about the
extent to which the ‘essence’ of democratic politics can be captured as a particular order. In the paper I introduce the figure
of the ignorant citizen in order to hint at a conception of citizenship that is not based on particular knowledge about what
the good citizen is. I introduce a distinction between a socialisation conception of citizenship education and civic learning
and a subjectification conception of citizenship education and civic learning in order to articulate what the educational
implications of such an ‘anarchic’ understanding of democratic politics are. While the socialisation conception focuses on
the question how ‘newcomers’ can be inserted into an existing political order, the subjectification conception focuses on
the question how democratic subjectivity is engendered through engagement in always undetermined political processes. This
is no longer a process driven by knowledge about what the citizen is or should become but one that depends on a desire for
a particular mode of human togetherness or, in short, a desire for democracy. 相似文献
4.
Sean Crawford 《Synthese》2008,160(1):75-96
Quine introduced a famous distinction between the ‘notional’ sense and the ‘relational’ sense of certain attitude verbs. The
distinction is both intuitive and sound but is often conflated with another distinction Quine draws between ‘dyadic’ and ‘triadic’
(or higher degree) attitudes. I argue that this conflation is largely responsible for the mistaken view that Quine’s account
of attitudes is undermined by the problem of the ‘exportation’ of singular terms within attitude contexts. Quine’s system
is also supposed to suffer from the problem of ‘suspended judgement with continued belief’. I argue that this criticism fails
to take account of a crucial presupposition of Quine’s about the connection between thought and language. The aim of the paper
is to defend the spirit of Quine’s account of attitudes by offering solutions to these two problems.
See also chapters four and five of Word and Object (Quine, 1960) and ‘Intensions Revisited’ (Quine, 1977). 相似文献
5.
Hans P. van Ditmarsch 《Synthese》2007,158(2):181-187
Take your average publication on the dynamics of knowledge. In one of its first paragraphs you will probably encounter a phrase
like “a logic of public announcements was first proposed by Plaza in 1989 (Plaza 1989).” Tracking down this publication seems
easy, because googling its title ‘Logics of Public Communications’ takes you straight to Jan Plaza’s website where it is online
available in the author’s own version, including, on that page, very helpful and full bibliographic references to the proceedings
in which it originally appeared. Those proceedings are then somewhat harder to find. In fact, I have never seen them. Unfortunately,
for the research community, Plaza’s work has never been followed up by a journal version. I am very grateful to the editor
Wiebe van der Hoek of the journal ‘Knowledge, Rationality, and Action’ to correct this omission.
Plaza’s work is reprinted as such, without an update encompassing more than fifteen additional years of research in this area.
This commentary aims to provide some background to bridge that gap.
This is a commentary on Jan Plaza’s ‘Logics of Public Communications’, reprinted in this same issue. 相似文献
6.
The issue of ‘child sexualization’ is widely addressed in the mass media of the Anglophone West. It is a topic on which many
voices, both lay and professional, pronounce upon with conviction. Almost universally the judgment is that this is a damaging
and unwanted consequence of the ‘modern world’ that cannot be avoided, so that protection of ‘the child’ is the only recourse.
This introduction argues that this hegemonic discourse entails unchallenged and naturalized assumptions. We identify three:
the normative distinction between ‘proper’ and improper sexualization––where the former involves the staged transmission of
approved knowledge from adult to child; while the latter is the consequence of a ‘free market’ in exploitative imagery and
inappropriate expectations of the unprotected child in the adult world. Second, the sexually agentic child is not only missing
but logically excluded. Paradoxically the very capacity essential for growing to full citizenship is denied the citizens of
the future. Finally, that though ‘the child’ is deemed at risk, it is girls who are the naturalized victims within traditionally
gendered framings. We develop these themes in relation to the work of the other contributors, whose work strengthens and deepens
the necessary critical challenge.
相似文献
Gail HawkesEmail: |
7.
8.
Kuhn's ‘taxonomic conception’ of natural kinds enables him to defend and re-specify the notion of incommensurability against
the idea that it is reference, not meaning/use, that is overwhelmingly important. Kuhn's ghost still lacks any reason to believe
that referentialist essentialism undercuts his central arguments in SSR – and indeed, any reason to believe that such essentialism
is even coherent, considered as a doctrine about anything remotely resembling our actual science. The actual relation of Kuhn
to Kripke-Putnam essentialism, is as follows: Kuhn decisively undermines it – drawing upon the inadequacies of such essentialism
when faced with the failure of attempts to instantiate in history or contemporaneously its ‘thought-experiment’ – and leaves
the field open instead for his own more ‘realistic’, deflationary way of thinking about the operation of ‘natural kinds’ in
science.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
This paper addresses one aspect of the natural law theory of Germain Grisez. According to Grisez, practical reason identifies
the goods of human life prior to the invocation of any moral or normative notions. It can thus provide a non-normative foundation
for moral theory. I present Grisez’s position and argue that the apparently non-normative aspect of natural law cannot support
the moral position built upon it. I argue, in particular, that practical principles, as Grisez understands them, are best
understood as speech acts. If this is correct, it is possible to develop a sceptical challenge to Grisez’s position.
I am grateful to Michael Frede, Robert George, Richard Holton, Philip Pettit, and two anonymous reviewers for many helpful
comments on this paper. This paper was presented at a seminar in the Department of Philosophy at Princeton University in November
1987, and I am grateful for the comments I received from the audience—in particular, Germain Grisez—on that occasion. 相似文献
10.
Cohen-Almagor R 《Science and engineering ethics》1995,1(3):261-272
This paper examines two models of thinking relating to the issue of the right to die in dignity: one takes into consideration
the rights and interests of the individual; the other supposes that human life is inherently valuable. I contend that preference
should be given to the first model, and further assert that the second model may be justified in moral terms only as long
as it does not resort to paternalism. The view that holds that certain patients are not able to comprehend their own interests
in a fully rational manner, and therefore ‘we’ know what is good for these patients better than ‘they’ do, is morally unjustifiable.
I proceed by refuting the ‘quality of life’ argument, asserting that each person is entitled to decide for herself when it
is worth living and when it is not. In this connection, a caveat will be made regarding the role of the family.
The author’s research interests include bioethics, free speech, tolerance and ethics in the media. 相似文献
11.
William S. Sax 《International Journal of Hindu Studies》2000,4(1):39-60
Conclusion Our understanding of South Asian society and history is sometimes muddled by the rigid distinctions we make between ‘religion’
and ‘politics.’ The resurgent appeal of Hindu nationalism, the involvement of Hindu renouncers in contemporary Indian politics,
and the continuing relevance of religious issues to political discourse throughout South Asia, show that such a distinction
is of limited utility. In this essay, I have examined the notion of digvijaya in some detail, in an attempt to show that this ‘most important Indian concept with regard to sovereignty’ was always both
a ‘religious’ and a ‘political’ phenomenon. When it was performed by Hindu kings in the classical period, the ‘political’
dimension of digvijaya was foregrounded, while in the medieval and modern periods, when it was associated primarily with Hindu renouncers, its ‘religious’
aspects were paramount. But neither ‘political’ nor ‘religious’ aspects were ever absent from any of the digvijayas discussed here because religion and politics were mutually entailed in the digvijaya at all times, just as kings and renouncers were—and still are—alter-egos of each other. I am tempted to conclude that the
digvijaya melded religious and political domains. Yet perhaps even to speak of ‘melding’ religion and politics is a peculiarly modern
kind of discourse. Perhaps we need to rethink our categories and recognize that politics always has a religious element, while
religion is always a political force. 相似文献
12.
Reese M. Heitner 《Synthese》2006,150(1):15-39
Though largely unnoticed, in “Two Dogmas” Quine (1951, Two Dogmas of Empiricism, Philosophical Review 60, 20–43. Reprinted
in From a Logical Point of View, 20–46) himself invokes a distinction: a distinction between logical and analytic truths.
Unlike analytic statements equating ‘bachelor’ with ‘unmarried man’, strictly logical tautologies relating two word-tokens
of the same word-type, e.g., ‘bachelor’ and ‘bachelor’ are true merely in virtue of basic phonological form, putatively an exclusively non-semantic function of perceptual categorization
or brute stimulus behavior. Yet natural language phonemic categorization is not entirely free of interpretive semantic considerations.
“Phonemic reductionism” in both its linguistic (Bloch 1953, Contrast, Language 29, 59–61) and behavioral (Quine 1990, The
Phoneme’s Long Shadow, Emics and Etics: The Insider/Outsider Debate, T. Headland, K. Pike and M. Harris, (eds.), Newbury Park,
CA, Sage Publications, 164–167) guise is false. The semantic basis of phonological equivalence, however, has repercussions
vis-à-vis Quine’s critique of analyticity. A consistent rejection of meaning-based equivalencies eliminates not only analyticity,
but imposes a form of phonological eliminativism too. Phonological eliminativism is the reductio result of applying Quinean meaning skepticism to the phonological typing of natural language. But unlike analyticity, phonology
is presumably not subject to philosophical dismissal. The semantic basis of natural language phonology serves to neutralize
Quine’s argument against analyticity: without the semantics of meaning, more than just synonymy is lost; basic phonology must
also be forfeited.
Let’s begin with the fact that even Quine has to admit that it is possible for two tokens of the same orthographic type to
be synonymous, for that much is presupposed by his own account of logical truth. Paul Boghossian (1999, 343) 相似文献
13.
Vani K. Borooah 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2006,7(4):427-465
Using data on over 3000 individuals in Northern Ireland, this paper conducts an econometric investigation into what makes people happy. It draws a distinction between “objective” (income, marital status) and “subjective” (satisfaction with one’s standard of living (SoL); money worries; experience of poverty) factors determining happiness. In so doing, it takes a broader view of “economic status” than one defined solely by income: occupational class, mortgage status, financial worries, rural/urban residence, poverty experience, and, of course, income coalesce to form this, more complex, concept of economic status. Juxtaposed against this, is the concept of “context-free” and “context-specific” well-being. A particular example of the latter is the degree of satisfaction with one’s SoL and an important point of focus of the paper is the relationship between SoL satisfaction and happiness. A complementary point of focus is an analysis of the determinants of context-free and context-specific well-being. The paper also examines the effects of non-economic factors on happiness in particular on specific aspects of the ill-health of respondents and upon the quality of the areas in which they live. Having analysed these effects, it places a money value on each of the diversity of effects that act upon a person’s level of happiness.The analysis in this paper is based on the Poverty and Social Exclusion in Northern Ireland (PSENI) Project’s data and I am grateful to the Project leaders – Paddy Hillyard, Eithne McLaughlin and Mike Tomlinson – for permission to use these data. Thanks are due to Andrew Oswald, to one of the Editors of JOHS, and to two anonymous referees for their valuable comments. Needless to say, the usual disclaimer applies. 相似文献
14.
J. Ritola 《Argumentation》2006,20(2):237-244
In a recent article, D. A. Truncellito (2004, ‘Running in Circles about Begging the Question’, Argumentation
18, 325–329) argues that the discussion between Robinson (1971, ‘Begging the Question’, Analysis
31, 113–117), Sorensen (1996, ‘Unbeggable Questions’, Analysis
56, 51–55) and Teng (1997, ‘Sorensen on Begging the Question’, Analysis
57, 220–222) shows that we need to distinguish between logical fallacies, which are mistakes in the form of the argument, and rhetorical fallacies, which are mistakes committed by the arguer. While I basically agree with Truncellito’s line of thinking, I believe this distinction is not tenable and offer a different view. In addition, I will argue that the conclusion to draw from the abovementioned discussion is that validity is not a sufficient criterion of begging the question, and that we should be wary of the containment-metaphor of a deductive argument. 相似文献
15.
John Cantwell 《Synthese》2009,171(1):47-75
The paper presents a non-monotonic inference relation on a language containing a conditional that satisfies the Ramsey Test.
The logic is a weakening of classical logic and preserves many of the ‘paradoxes of implication’ associated with the material
implication. It is argued, however, that once one makes the proper distinction between supposing that something is the case and accepting that it is the case, these ‘paradoxes’ cease to be counterintuitive. A representation theorem is provided where conditionals
are given a non-bivalent semantics and epistemic states are represented via preferential models. 相似文献
16.
Tamar Schapiro 《The Journal of Ethics》2011,15(3):147-167
In this paper I defend Kant’s Incorporation Thesis, which holds that we must “incorporate” our incentives into our maxims
if we are to act on them. I see this as a thesis about what is necessary for a human being to make the transition from ‘having
a desire’ to ‘acting on it’. As such, I consider the widely held view that ‘having a desire’ involves being focused on the
world, and not on ourselves or on the desire. I try to show how this view is connected with a denial of any deep distinction
between reason and inclination. I then argue for an alternative view of what ‘having a desire’ involves, one according to
which it involves being focused both on the world and on ourselves. I show how this view fits naturally with the Kantian distinction
between reason and inclination, accounts for independent intuitions about ‘having a desire’, and supports the Incorporation
Thesis. I then make some further suggestions about how we might conceive of the object of incorporation. 相似文献
17.
This is the editors' preface to a special issue of Philosophia on 'Religion and Limits of Liberalism'. It begins by noting the challenges which the 'return' of religions to liberal democracies
poses to the liberal commitment to respect citizens’ freedom and equality. Then, with particular reference to Rawls' theory
of liberal politics, it situates the papers in relation to three different senses of liberal ‘respect’ that are challenged
by contemporary religions – one understood in terms of the justification of political power, another as tolerance of diversity,
and the third in terms of freedom from interference. 相似文献
18.
Stanley and Williamson (The Journal of Philosophy 98(8), 411–444 2001) reject the fundamental distinction between what Ryle once called ‘knowing-how’ and ‘knowing-that’. They claim that knowledge-how
is just a species of knowledge-that, i.e. propositional knowledge, and try to establish their claim relying on the standard
semantic analysis of ‘knowing-how’ sentences. We will undermine their strategy by arguing that ‘knowing-how’ phrases are under-determined
such that there is not only one semantic analysis and by critically discussing and refuting the positive account of knowing-how
they offer. Furthermore, we argue for an extension of the classical ‘knowing-how’/‘knowing-that’-dichotomy by presenting a
new threefold framework: Using some core-examples of the recent debate, we will show that we can analyze knowledge situations
that are not captured by the Rylean dichotomy and argue that, therefore, the latter has to be displaced by a more fine-grained
theory of knowledge-formats. We will distinguish three different formats of knowledge we can have of our actions, namely (1)
propositional, (2) practical, and (3) image-like formats of knowledge. Furthermore, we will briefly analyze the underlying
representations of each of these knowledge-formats. 相似文献
19.
Elaine Landry 《Synthese》2007,158(1):1-17
Recent semantic approaches to scientific structuralism, aiming to make precise the concept of shared structure between models,
formally frame a model as a type of set-structure. This framework is then used to provide a semantic account of (a) the structure
of a scientific theory, (b) the applicability of a mathematical theory to a physical theory, and (c) the structural realist’s
appeal to the structural continuity between successive physical theories. In this paper, I challenge the idea that, to be
so used, the concept of a model and so the concept of shared structure between models must be formally framed within a single
unified framework, set-theoretic or other. I first investigate the Bourbaki-inspired assumption that structures are types
of set-structured systems and next consider the extent to which this problematic assumption underpins both Suppes’ and recent
semantic views of the structure of a scientific theory. I then use this investigation to show that, when it comes to using
the concept of shared structure, there is no need to agree with French that “without a formal framework for explicating this
concept of ‘structure-similarity’ it remains vague, just as Giere’s concept of similarity between models does ...” (French,
2000, Synthese, 125, pp. 103–120, p. 114). Neither concept is vague; either can be made precise by appealing to the concept of a morphism, but it is the context (and not any set-theoretic type) that determines the appropriate kind of morphism. I make use of French’s
(1999, From physics to philosophy (pp. 187–207). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) own example from the development of quantum theory to show that, for
both Weyl and Wigner’s programmes, it was the context of considering the ‘relevant symmetries’ that determined that the appropriate
kind of morphism was the one that preserved the shared Lie-group structure of both the theoretical and phenomenological models.
I wish to thank Katherine Brading, Anjan Chakravartty, Steven French, Martin Thomson-Jones, Antigone Nounou, Stathis Psillos,
Dean Rickles, Mauricio Suarez and two anonymous referees for valuable comments and criticisms, and Gregory Janzen for editorial
suggestions. Research for this paper was funded by a generous SSHRC grant for which I am grateful 相似文献
20.
Rabern and Rabern (Analysis 68:105–112 2) and Uzquiano (Analysis 70:39–44 4) have each presented increasingly harder versions of ‘the hardest logic puzzle ever’ (Boolos The Harvard Review of Philosophy
6:62–65 1), and each has provided a two-question solution to his predecessor’s puzzle. But Uzquiano’s puzzle is different from the
original and different from Rabern and Rabern’s in at least one important respect: it cannot be solved in less than three
questions. In this paper we solve Uzquiano’s puzzle in three questions and show why there is no solution in two. Finally,
to cement a tradition, we introduce a puzzle of our own. 相似文献