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在《纯粹理性批判》的先验感性论中,空间被阐明为一种先天必然的直观表象。而到了先验演绎,康德提出在空间的先天表象中存在着统一性。这种统一性既先于一切概念,却又以综合为前提。鉴于综合被一般地理解为属于知性的行动,学界就空间的统一性与综合的关系问题争论已久却鲜有共识。近来,不少学者支持一种“概念论”立场,该立场从先验演绎出发主张空间统一性是知性综合的产物。本文立足于康德文本,通过阐明知性的综合只能产生推论的统一性,而后者并不能把握作为整体的空间表象,以此论证概念论解读与先验感性论中对空间之性质与结构的论述是不相容的,从而反驳概念论的立场。 相似文献
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康德的《遗著》包含着康德的从自然的理性形而上学向经验科学过渡的未完成的哲学计划,《康德全集》中原有的非批判的版本存在着诸多欠缺,因此新的版面采用发生学的结构分析,通过对康德的工作方式的考察,重现了康德的凌乱而又被密集书写的手稿上的文字产生的时间顺序和逻辑关系,从而最大限度地还原了康德对这一问题的整个思考过程。 相似文献
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自由是贯穿整个西方文化的价值目标,是主体之为主体的根据,它发展到德国古典哲学时期已经取得了巨大成果,康德和马克思的自由观就宛如德国近代自由思想的两个点:康德自由概念的核心是自由意志,并且它是纯粹理性的唯一事实,但对它的证明始终是个问题;马克思对康德的"自由"进行了感性证明。 相似文献
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在《答复这个问题:什么是启蒙》一文中,康德认为:“启蒙就是人类脱离自己所加之于自己的不成熟状态。不成熟状态就是不经别人的引导,就对运用自己的理智无能为力。”而造成理智不成熟的原因有两个。一是懒惰,二是怯懦。这是人自身的缺陷对启蒙的阻碍。然而,排除这些因素,启蒙所需的只是自由。康德区分了两种自由。公开和私下运用理性的自由。这样一来,只要有一个开明的君主能允许自由,那么启蒙就可能实现。 相似文献
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中国的康德哲学研究已历百年。其中,20世纪初到1949年是第一阶段。此阶段前期的维新派走的是学问加政治的路,后期的“海归派”则初步开展了真正意义上的学术研究,基本形成了康德哲学研究的认识论范式。1949年到1978年是第二阶段。由于苏联模式马克思主义哲学传统的影响,康德哲学研究主要表现为康德著述的翻译出版,该阶段末尾出现了重新评价康德哲学的学术取向。1978年至今是第三阶段,康德哲学研究进入新的时期,出版的康德译著和论著10倍于前,对于康德哲学的研究全方位展开,新的研究范式已经出现。康德哲学给中国人民带来了丰厚的精神财富。 相似文献
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Tobias Henschen 《British Journal for the History of Philosophy》2013,21(1):165-176
This article offers a definition of the term ‘pragmatic’, as it is used in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. The definition offered does not make any reference to the affinities between Kant's pragmatism and the philosophies of the American or other pragmatists but draws its definiens entirely from the Kantian conceptual framework. It states that the term ‘pragmatic’ denotes imperatives, laws and beliefs of a specific type: an imperative is pragmatic if and only if it is concerned with the choice of means to individual or universal happiness; a law is pragmatic if and only if our willingness to presuppose it results from our obedience to a pragmatic imperative; and a belief is pragmatic if and only if it relates to the objective validity of pragmatic laws. This article also discusses two rival definitions of the term ‘pragmatic’ (as used by Kant) that have been brought forward by Sidney Axinn and Nicholas Rescher. 相似文献
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David James 《British Journal for the History of Philosophy》2016,24(2):302-322
I argue that the freedom which is to coexist with the freedom of choice of others in accordance with a universal law mentioned in Kant's Rechtslehre is not itself freedom of choice. Rather, it is the independence which is a condition of being able to exercise genuine free choice by not having to act in accordance with the choices of others. Kant's distinction between active and passive citizenship appears, however, to undermine this idea of independence, because the possession of a certain type of property right on the part of some citizens makes it possible for them to dominate others. Kant's account of property in this way turns out to be central to the question as to whether his Rechtslehre represents an internally consistent account of how freedom can be guaranteed within a legal and political community. I go on to argue that Kant's attempt to justify a pre-political right of property cannot be viewed as a successful justification of private property, and that he should have abandoned the notion of such a right together with any presumption in favour of private property. 相似文献
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Salim Kemal 《International Journal of Philosophical Studies》2013,21(3):281-303
Recently criticism and theory have maintained that Kant's aesthetic theory is central to modernism, and have used Foucault's archaeology to interrogate that modernism. This paper suggests that archaeology ultimately cannot escape Kant's hold because it depends on Kantian theses. The first section will consider how a recent exponent of an 'archaeological' viewpoint characterizes Kant's theory and will set out the critical role Kant ascribes to art. The second section compares Kant and Foucault to argue that despite appearances their projects turn out to be substantially coterminal. My interest in comparing these critics is not only to be provocative but also to show that post-modernist thinking, at least in the guise of Foucault, needs and uses standards that Kant proposes. 相似文献
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至善学说在康德批判哲学中的地位和作用经常遭到研究者的忽视或误解。事实上,至善作为幸福与德性、自然与自由、理论与实践以及感性世界与理智世界的综合统一,对康德伦理学、认识论、历史观和宗教学说中都具有重要的范导意义。至善不但体现了康德批判哲学的最终目的,而且对批判哲学体系的最终建立具有定向作用。 相似文献
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在康德理性的道德形而上学的建构过程中,两种论证方法即分析法和综合法起到了重要的作用。他首先用分析法从普通人的相互混杂的道德认识中逐步分离出纯粹的道德现象和原则,力图给真正的道德哲学奠基。随后他又用综合法来论证道德律的实在性并使它在经验世界中能得到现实的应用,以说明纯粹的道德原则并非人的主观臆造。两种方法相互依赖,相辅相成,共同支撑起道德形而上学的大厦。 相似文献
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康德实践理性的事实概念指的是道德律或道德律的意识,而道德律本身实际上是道德律的意识。道德律是某种自身肯定的东西,它作为事实肯定了纯粹实践理性的客观实在性,并通过理性的这一积极的概念,证明了它自身在实践上的客观实在性。正是通过道德律这一事实,在思辨哲学那里只具有消极性的自由的原因性的概念,在实践哲学中获得了积极的规定,也成为了一个“事实”。 相似文献
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Nature, Interthing Intersubjectivity, and the Environment: A Comparative Analysis of Kant and Daoism
Ann A. Pang-White 《Dao》2009,8(1):61-78
The Kantian philosophy, for many, largely represents the Modern West’s anthropocentric dominance of nature in its instrumental-rationalist
orientation. Recently, some scholars have argued that Kant’s aesthetics offers significant resources for environmental ethics,
while others believe that Kant’s flawed dualistic views in the second Critique severely undermine any environmental promise that aesthetic judgments may hold in Kant’s third Critique. This article first examines the meanings of nature in Kant’s three Critiques. It concludes that Kant’s aesthetic view toward sensible nature is indeed inconsistent. The article, however, also suggests
that the “I” as “transcendental apperception” discussed in the paralogisms of the first Critique holds some promise of “interthing intersubjective” thinking. The second half of the article demonstrates that Daoism with
a dialectic concern similar to Kant’s has something insightful to offer in its idea of interthingness based on a phenomenal
account of nature. The article investigates important Daoist ideas of interthing analogical experience, qi, spiritual exercise, and wuwei in its dialect relation to zizan. By bringing Daoism and Kant into dialogue, the author hopes to bring forth a synthetic approach that is better suited to
today’s environmental concerns. 相似文献
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在康德和海德格尔哲学中,Sein一词在一般的意义上被称为Seinüberhaupt,它既可以作逻辑的(logisch)运用,充当逻辑系词Kopula,也可以作康德所说的绝对的断定,即海德格尔所说的存在上的(ontisch)运用,此时的Sein在断定一个对象的客观存在,因而与Existenz(实存)的含义相同.Sein überhaupt和作为逻辑系词Kopula的Sein都应该翻译为是,但作绝对断定或表示存在的Sein,翻译为存在或实存都是可以的. 相似文献