如何正确认识和处理新发与复燃传染病

近40年来,由于诸多因素的影响,新发传染病陆续出现,再发传染病在某些地区"死灰复燃",并且呈现出不同以往传染病的新特点,如病原体的变异、人兽共患性、传播速度快、流行范围广等,加之传媒的"双刃剑"作用,共同造成了新发与复燃传染病的种种不确定性。因此,正确认识和积极防治新发与复燃传染病已成为新世纪人类亟待解决的重大问题,是当前世界疾病预防控制工作中的重要内容。     

如何正确认识和处理新发与复燃传染病

近40年来,由于诸多因素的影响,新发传染病陆续出现,再发传染病在某些地区"死灰复燃",并且呈现出不同以往传染病的新特点,如病原体的变异、人兽共患性、传播速度快、流行范围广等·加之传媒的"双刃剑"作用,共同造成了新发与复燃传染病的种种不确定性.因此,正确认识和积极防治新发与复燃传染病已成为新世纪人类亟待解决的重大问题,是当前世界疾病预防控制工作中的重要内容.     

21世纪新发传染病--非典型肺炎

传染性非典型肺炎 (SARS)是全球人类健康非常严重的威胁 ,是由一种新病毒———SARS冠状病毒引起的新发传染病。具有全球大流行的潜在可能。面对一种新发传染病做好宣传教育工作 ,动员全社会参与尤为重要 ,信息发布要选择合适的途径、合适的对象、合适的信息和合适的时间。即使暴发过去了 ,详细的流行病学及环境调查分析 ,会丰富我们的认识 ,并可防止疫情的蔓延和再次暴发。控制新发传染病不是局部问题 ,是超越地域及政府界限的 ,需要全球支持 ,国际合作与协调 ,共同努力把疾病控制在萌芽之中。     

2l世纪新发传染病——非典型肺炎

传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)是全球人类键康非常严重的威胁,是由一种新病毒——SARS冠状病毒引起的新发传染病。具有全球大流行的潜在可能。面对一种新发传染病做好宣传教育工作,动员全社会参与尤为重要,信息发布要选择合适的途径、合适的对象、合适的信息和合适的时间。即使暴发过去了,详细的流行病学及环境调查分析,会丰富我们的认识,并可防止疫情的蔓延和再次暴发。控制新发传染病不是局部问题,是超越地域及政府界限的,需要全球支持,国际合作与协调,共同努力把疾病控制在萌芽之中。     

微生物威胁与人类安全

传染病伴随人类而存在,是人类的天敌.科学的进步、时代的发展、全球政治经济一体化的进程,并未停止传染病行进的脚步,许多旧的和新发的传染病不断涌现,日益成为人类的疾病负担,人为的微生物恐怖主义危险日益增大,直接威胁人类的健康、安全和可持续性发展.     

中国古代辟疫思想的当代启示

通过对以未病先防为主导的中国古代主要辟疫思想及方法的回顾与思考,探讨了其对今天传染病预防的参考价值.认识到在当代传染病预防工作中,借鉴中国古代医学的思想与实践之精粹或许可为当代新发传染病的防治另辟新径,以期能对现代传染病的预治有所启示.     

中国古代辟疫思想的当代启示

通过对以未病先防为主导的中国古代主要辟疫思想及方法的回顾与思考,探讨了其对今天传染病预防的参考价值。认识到在当代传染病预防工作中,借鉴中国古代医学的思想与实践之精粹或许可为当代新发传染病的防治另辟新径,以期能对现代传染病的预治有所启示。     

艾滋病防治中几个问题

HIV感染/艾滋病是一类新发的传染病,呈现全球大流行趋势,我国艾滋病流行经历了3个阶段,目前正处于HIV感染高速发展期,在地域范围、人群特点、传播途径等方面有了新变化,亟需从全社会各个层面上积极协作,有效地遏制疫情的蔓延.     

艾滋病防治中几个问题

HIV感染/艾滋病是一类新发的传染病,呈现全球大流行趋势,我国艾滋病流行经历了3个阶段,目前正处于HIV感染高速发展期,在地域范围、人群特点、传播途径等方面有了新变化,亟需从全社会各个层面上积极协作,有效地遏制疫情的蔓延。     

预防医学的新课题:环境卫生

基于科学发展观,结合新一轮医药卫生体制改革,论述了社会预防医学阶段的发展思路,对环境化学性物质健康风险评价、环境内分泌干扰化学物、大气微细颗粒物以及新发与突发传染病的防控等四个研究方向的发展趋势进行了探讨,旨在为预防医学发展提供思路和借鉴.     

第三次医学革命与理论思维

第三次医学革命是指我们站在传染病世界危机的边缘上,各国无一幸免。传染病仍是世界范围内的第一位死亡原因。来自首次感染和重复感染的威胁是抗生素耐药菌惊人的增长。现在理论思维已从机遇思维转向逆向思维。     

Emerging Infectious Diseases: Coping with Uncertainty

The world’s scientific community must be in a state of constant readiness to address the threat posed by newly emerging infectious diseases. Whether the disease in question is SARS in humans or BSE in animals, scientists must be able to put into action various disease containment measures when everything from the causative pathogen to route(s) of transmission is essentially uncertain. A robust epistemic framework, which will inform decision-making, is required under such conditions of uncertainty. I will argue that this framework should have reasoning at its center and, specifically, that forms of reasoning beyond deduction and induction should be countenanced by scientists who are confronted with emerging infectious diseases. In previous articles, I have presented a case for treating certain so-called traditional informal fallacies as rationally acceptable forms of argument that can facilitate scientific inquiry when little is known about an emerging disease. In this article, I want to extend that analysis by highlighting the unique features of these arguments that makes them specially adapted to cope with conditions of uncertainty. Of course, such a view of the informal fallacies must at least be consistent with the reasoning practices of scientists, and particularly those scientists (viz. epidemiologists) whose task it is to track and respond to newly emerging infectious diseases. To this end, I draw upon examples of scientific reasoning from the UK’s BSE crisis, a crisis that posed a significant threat to both human and animal health.

Philosophy of medicine — From a medical perspective

In this commentary on the article by Arthur L. Caplan [1] the philosophy of medicine is viewed from a medical perspective. Philosophical studies have a long tradition in medicine, especially during periods of paradigmatic unrest, and they serve the same goal as other medical activities: the prevention and treatment of disease. The medical profession needs the help of professional philosophers in much the same way as it needs the cooperation of basic scientists. Philosophy of medicine may not deserve the status of a philosophical subspecialty or field, but it so closely linked to the main trends of contemporary medical thinking that it must be regarded as an emerging (or reemerging) medical subdiscipline.     

疾病对社会经济发展的影响

历史上大规模暴发的传染病对社会经济的发展有着非常深刻的影响,它直接打击了社会经济发展的核心与所有生产力要素中最根本的——人类本身;但是,在整个社会经济的发展过程中,公共卫生与医疗保健的作用一直未引起人们的关注,随着人类文明的不断进步,对疾病的控制已经成为世界各国的中心任务,卫生保健服务直接增进了人类健康,促进社会经济健康与持续地发展。     

微生态药物防治儿童感染性疾病

微生态药物包括益生物、益生菌及其复方产品合生素。国外大量临床随机对照试验结果已肯定此类药物用于儿童消化道感染、呼吸道感染等各类感染及 H IV母婴传播等疾病状态中的疗效。微生态药物用于普通婴幼儿群体是安全的,但用于免疫缺陷、患有某些基础疾病、处于临床危象的患儿或早产儿应谨慎。这是由于益生菌为活体,对于其潜在风险如传递细菌耐药、肠道菌群易位及其诱生性感染、诱发乳酸酸中毒和对肠道菌群的长期不良影响等,都需要在临床中仔细体察。本文重点回顾近10年来益生菌、合生素预防和治疗儿童感染性疾病的临床进展。     

Public engagement with emerging infectious disease: the case of MRSA in Britain

As a route to providing a framework for elucidating the content of public thinking concerning emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (EID), this article examines public engagement with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It explores how British lay publics represent MRSA utilising a social representations framework. For this group, MRSA is associated primarily with dirty National Health Service (NHS) hospitals that have been neglected due to management culture having superseded the matron culture that dominated the putative golden age of the NHS. Furthermore, MRSA represents a transgression of the purpose of a hospital as a clean and curative institution. While this widely shared picture is accompanied by a strong sense of general concern, the respondents associate contracting MRSA with other identities, such as hospitalised, young and old people. These associations are linked to feelings of personal invulnerability. There is also blame of foreigners--especially cleaners and nurses--for MRSA's spread. Thus, the data corroborate a key pattern of response found in relation to myriad EID--that of othering. However, the identities associated with contracting MRSA are mutable; therefore, the threat cannot be distanced unequivocally. Beyond developing an understanding of the relationship between epidemics and identities, this article proposes a fitting theory with which to explore EID-related public thinking.     

Public engagement with emerging infectious disease: The case of MRSA in Britain

As a route to providing a framework for elucidating the content of public thinking concerning emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (EID), this article examines public engagement with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It explores how British lay publics represent MRSA utilising a social representations framework. For this group, MRSA is associated primarily with dirty National Health Service (NHS) hospitals that have been neglected due to management culture having superseded the matron culture that dominated the putative golden age of the NHS. Furthermore, MRSA represents a transgression of the purpose of a hospital as a clean and curative institution. While this widely shared picture is accompanied by a strong sense of general concern, the respondents associate contracting MRSA with other identities, such as hospitalised, young and old people. These associations are linked to feelings of personal invulnerability. There is also blame of foreigners – especially cleaners and nurses – for MRSA's spread. Thus, the data corroborate a key pattern of response found in relation to myriad EID – that of othering. However, the identities associated with contracting MRSA are mutable; therefore, the threat cannot be distanced unequivocally. Beyond developing an understanding of the relationship between epidemics and identities, this article proposes a fitting theory with which to explore EID-related public thinking.