线索提示对物理问题表征的影响

考察了复杂物理问题解决中图形线索提示和参数线索提示的作用,结果表明,在难度较大的物理问题中,单一的图形线索提示未给学生带来太大的帮助,而参数线索提示有助于学生搜索到有效算子.讨论了专家在物理问题解决过程中的特点,认为专家的优势之一在于比新手更善于发现关键的线索,能够根据关键线索找到合适的原理来完整地表征问题.     

Quasi-Realism's Problem of Autonomous Effects

Simon Blackburn defends a 'quasi-realist' view intended to preserve much of what realists want to say about moral discourse. According to error theory, moral discourse is committed to indefensible metaphysical assumptions. Quasi-realism seems to preserve ontological frugality, attributing no mistaken commitments to our moral practices. In order to make good this claim, quasi-realism must show that (a) the seemingly realist features of the 'surface grammar' of moral discourse can be made compatible with projectivism; and (b) certain realist-sounding statements which we might use in describing the nature of our moral commitments can be understood in projectivist terms. Much attention has been devoted to whether quasi-realism can deliver (a). I raise an important difficulty with regard to (b).     

幼儿提问类型及策略对其问题解决的影响

该研究以69名5岁幼儿为被试,通过创设猜测物体的问题情境,以考察幼儿提问对其解决猜测物体的问题的影响.结果表明:(1)面对问题情境,幼儿运用提问解决问题的正确率显著高于不提问直接猜测的正确率.(2)幼儿运用两阶段整体策略和逐一排除策略提问来帮助其问题解决的效果好于直接猜测的效果.(3)幼儿提出混合类问题和外在感知类问题来帮助其解决猜测物体问题的效果好于提出内在属性类问题.     

事件类型的相似性对原理运用影响的实验研究

探讨样例与测题在表面概貌的事件类型方面发生改变的条件下,两者的表面概貌相似性对原理运用的影响。结果表明：1．样例与问题的表面概貌在事件类型方面发生变化时。其表面慨貌相似性对原理运用就会表现出明显的影响;2．样例与问题的表面概貌对原理运用的影响作用．要受到两者的对象对应的类型的影响．当对象对应相似时,其表面概貌相似就会促进解答测题时的原理运用,反之会产生干扰作用。据此可以认为。Ross关于表面概貌相似与否不影响原理运用的结论应予以改正。     

Method Effects: The Problem With Negatively Versus Positively Keyed Items

Using confirmatory factor analyses, we examined method effects on Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965) in a sample of older European adults. Nine hundred forty nine community-dwelling adults 60 years of age or older from 5 European countries completed the RSES as well as measures of depression and life satisfaction. The 2 models that had an acceptable fit with the data included method effects. The method effects were associated with both positively and negatively worded items. Method effects models were invariant across gender and age, but not across countries. Both depression and life satisfaction predicted method effects. Individuals with higher depression scores and lower life satisfaction scores were more likely to endorse negatively phrased items.     

图式化程度对解决代数文字题的影响

本研究探讨了图式化程度即例子的概括化程度对解决代数文字题的影响。结果表明 :(1 )例子的表层类似性与目标问题具有一种格式塔的同型效应 ,容易解决“属性”一一对应的问题。 (2 )由例子表层类似性构成的图式化程度低 ,迁移的范围比较窄 ;由例子结构类似性构成的图式化程度高 ,适用的范围比较宽。 (3 )尽管增加了例子与目标问题的难度 ,由结构类似性形成的代数图式仍然可以比较容易地解决目标问题     

The Problem of Evil and the Problem of God

Books reviewed: D. Z. Phillips, The Problem of Evil and the Problem of God (London: SCM Press, 2004). xxiii + 280 , price £19.99 pb.
Reviewed by Patrick Sherry, Lancaster University
Religious Studies Department
Lancaster University
Lancaster LA1 4YG     

The Problem of Consciousness

This paper attempts to begin to answer four questions. 1. What is consciousness? 2. What is the relation of consciousness to the brain? 3. What are some of the features that an empirical theory of consciousness should try to explain? 4. What are some common mistakes to avoid?     

相对主义的问题

相对主义有多种,并且不同的作者把相对主义与实在论、客观主义、基础主义、理性主义、绝对主义、普遍主义做各种各样的对比。本文区分有关相对主义的语义学概念和认识论概念,考察了跨文化的相对主义和跨理论的相对主义的各种主张,对局部合理性和全局合理性观点做了比较研究,从维特根斯坦的“生活形式”概念出发,为温和的相对主义提供了论证。     

The Exclusion Problem Meets the Problem of Many Causes

In this paper I develop a novel response to the exclusion problem. I argue that the nature of the events in the causally complete physical domain raises the “problem of many causes”: there will typically be countless simultaneous low-level physical events in that domain that are causally sufficient for any given high-level physical event (like a window breaking or an arm raising). This shows that even reductive physicalists must admit that the version of the exclusion principle used to pose the exclusion problem against non-reductive physicalism is too strong. The burden is on proponents of the exclusion problem to provide a reason to think that any qualifications placed on the exclusion principle will solve the problem of many causes while ruling out causation by irreducible mental events.     

The Donkey Problem

The Donkey Problem (as I am calling it) concerns the relationship between more and less fundamental ontologies. I will claim that the moral to draw from the Donkey Problem is that the less fundamental objects are merely conventional. This conventionalism has consequences for the 3D/4D debate. Four-dimensionalism is motivated by a desire to avoid coinciding objects, but once we accept that the non-fundamental ontology is conventional there is no longer any reason to reject coincidence. I therefore encourage 4Dists to become even more radical—embrace the Donkey Problem’s conventionalism and deflate the debate between 3Dists and 4Dists.