个人偏好与社会公德

个人偏好是人的个性中能够表现出来的比较稳定的特征.社会公德作为全社会的基础道德共识,发挥着调节人际关系、限制和引导个人偏好、维护公共利益的职能.个人偏好的自发性和随意性、自我中心的潜在价值取向、偏离"常规"的行为方式等,不可避免地导致对公共秩序的侵蚀.适时更新社会公德规范,使其符合人性化的发展要求;适度限制和矫正个人偏好,使其向维护公共秩序的方向发展,有机协调二者的内在冲突,是建设和谐社会的内在要求,也是实现人的全面发展的必然趋势.     

现代性语境下的德与法

在前提批判的意义上,法与法律有很大的不同,作为法哲学研究对象的法乃是包含着诸多个别性的普遍性,是实现了个别性的共同性,在此意义上,德与法有着共同的基础.在操作的意义上,德愈益扩大其范围,甚至在某些境况下,德与法构成了"重叠共识",这意味着,人类生活中的基本原则愈来愈显示出它的基础作用.当然,在现代性语境下,德与法的相互分离和相互交织则比我们想象的要复杂得多.由资本的运行逻辑所导致的一个直接结果就是市场社会的确立.市场社会是一套复杂的社会设置,它以欲望满足最大化为动力,以市场经济为环境,以科学技术为手段.市场社会不断要求着与之相匹配的游戏规则,而且决定着德与法的运行方式.     

Genealogy of Morality and Law

In order to clarify the relationship between morality and law, it is necessary to define both concepts precisely. Cultural realities refer to concepts which are more specifically defined if we focus towards the genealogy of those realities, that is to say, their motivation, function and aim. Should we start from legal anthropology, comparative law and history of law, law arises as a social technique which coactively imposes ways of solving conflicts, protecting fundamental values for a society's co-existence. Values subject to being protected are proposed by morality, the latter making subordination of law to morality inevitable. This explains that a great number of modern constitutions include a reference to fundamental moral values, that is to say, they have explicitly positivised moral contents. Legal reasoning, at all levels and expressions, needs to appeal to the aforementioned values. Constitutional reasoning, international law, legislative activity and judicial practice are studied to verify the latter. This subordination of law to morality sets out a serious problem: moralities are cultural realities which are only valid for a specific society. In order for law not to fall in a not very rational legal relativism, law should not be subordinated to morality, but to ethics, the latter understood as cross-cultural morality. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was a step forward in this sense.     

张君劢“德法合一”论述评

张君劢的“德法合一”是儒家之德与西方之法的合一,在德与法的关系上,二者并不是地位相同的,德法合一是在德的基础上德与法的合一,德比法更根本,“德法相辅而行”更深层的意义是“德主法辅而行”。张君劢“德法合一”论始终未离儒家道德本位,决定了这种结合仍是停留在道德文化层面,而没有落实为政治法律事实,若将“德法合一”论还原为“内圣外王”之道,我们仍可看到传统儒学在当代社会面临的困境。     

Drugs, Morality and the Law

Arguments for and against the legal prohibition of drugs are surveyed. Various kinds of argument are identified and analysed: arguments against prohibition from a moral right to personal liberty; utilitarian and contractualist arguments for a right to personal liberty; arguments for prohibition from liberty–limiting principles (the harm principle, legal paternalism, legal moralism, Kantian duties to oneself, legal perfectionism, traditional conservatism, and communitarianism); utilitarian argument for prohibition; utilitarian argument against prohibition. It is concluded that none of the arguments for drug prohibition is convincing.     

中国语境中的社会公德建构

在中国语境中,公德概念是宏观国家之德和微观公民之德的有机统一,立足于实践以国家之德"引渡"公众之德是实现两者统一的逻辑路径。宏观公德体现出人民对美好生活的向往,微观公德体现出社会的文明程度,两者的关系经历了"混沌一体""分化发展""有机统一"三个发展阶段,公德的内容由强调"齐一性"向注重"层次性"转变。真正落实公德两层面内容的有机统一是未来中国语境中公德研究的重点问题,也是中国公德建设方案形成的关键之笔。     

Common Law Approaches to the Relationship Between Law and Morality

How are general relations of law and morality typically conceived in an environment of Anglo-saxon common law? This paper considers some classical common law methods and traditions as these have confronted and been overlaid with modern ideas of legal positivism. While classical common law treated a community and its morality as the cultural foundation of law, legal positivism's analytical separation of law and morals, allied with liberal approaches to legal regulation, have made the relationship of legal and moral principles more complex and contested. Using ideas from Durkheim's and Weber's sociology, I argue that the traditional common law emphasis on an inductive, empirical treatment of moral practices has continuing merit, but in contemporary conditions the vague idea of community embedded in classical common law thought must be replaced with a much more precise conceptualisation of coexisting communities, whose moral bonds are diverse and require a corresponding diversity of forms of legal recognition or protection.     

Morality: between Law and Real-life Needs

The investigation that culminated last July in a letter from the Vatican to Professor Curran, criticising the distinction made by him and many others between 'infallible' and 'non-infallible' Church teaching and initiating his removal from his post at the Catholic University of America, has been one of the most hotly discussed events to have happened in the modern American Catholic Church, has been written about throughout the Catholic world, and has troubled many theologians. We are publishing this translation of an article by Bernhard Häring, 'Moral zwischen gesetz und Lebensnot' (which appeared in the German Church magazine Christ in der Gegenwart¹ in August), because its author, who taught Curran in Rome and in March accompanied him to the Vatican for 'informal dialogue', has such a close knowledge of this theologian's thinking, which in some places has been misrepresented. The text has been updated where essential.     

梁启超的“新民”伦理与普世伦理

"新民"伦理是一种资产阶级伦理。梁启超吸取西方资产阶级伦理的个人主义伦理观与中国传统伦理的整体主义伦理观,创建了中国资产阶级的"新民"伦理。梁启超的"新民"伦理虽然吸取了资产阶级个人主义伦理观,但与立足于个人主义道德原则基础上的西方资产阶级伦理有着不同的价值取向,它是立足于中国传统整体主义伦理基础之上、注重个人与个人、个人与社会、个人与国家和谐的中国式的新资产阶级新伦理,具有普世的伦理价值。     

社会公德:范围与特征

公德总是相对于私德而言的.根据对公德的"公"之范围的不同界定,原先的公德就会转变为私德.公德至少包括两方面的内容,即个体性美德与制度性美德.在个体性美德中,正义具有与其他美德极为不同的特征.我们的公德建设应从个体正义感的培养与制度正义的构建和维系入手.     

生态伦理对“现代性”道德的超越

在解决生态危机的伦理探究中,生态伦理要么镶嵌在人类中心主义框架内成为个体主义环境伦理,遇到一些违背常识的困难;要么成为与人类中心主义对立的自然中心主义生态伦理,被指责为个体牺牲自己的"环境法西斯主义".生态伦理只有超越"现代性"道德,才能使人类中心主义与非人类中心主义互为补充,获得自身的历史合法性及其深层意蕴.     

社会公德建设与公民耻感涵育

重视耻感教育是我国传统道德教育的突出特点,也是中外思想家普遍认同的道德教育规律.依据社会公德的特征,结合我国社会公德建设的实际,承接中华民族耻感教育的优良传统,探索社会公德建设过程中耻感教育的内容、方法和途径,使我国传统耻感教育体现时代性,对于在新形势下加强社会公德建设,具有重要而又深远的意义.     

试论《淮南子》对"法"、"德"、"风俗"的糅合

在《淮南子》糅合“法”、“德”、“俗”的治道思想中,蕴涵了“反秦／袭秦”（对“法”的改良）、“倡道德／斥礼乐”（对“德”的期待）并存的内在特质,同时,还对风俗在民间社会中的教化、规范功能有着充分的认识。     

富勒论法律的道德性

法治一般分为实质性的法治和程序性的法治,前者强调善法、良法,后者则更注重形式正义.新自然法学派代表人物朗·L.富勒的学说即为程序法治论的一种.富勒认为法律与道德密不可分,并将道德区分为愿望的道德与义务的道德,而义务的道德与法律相似.他提出法律具有内在的道德性,将法律的道德性分为外在道德和内在道德两个方面,而他主要阐述的是法律的内在道德,也称为"程序自然法",并将法律的这一道德定位于八项"法治原则"和达致法律的"目的性事业"的手段.     

从手术签字审视医疗活动中道德与法律之冲突

手术签字不应成为实施手术的必要条件,手术治疗及其他医疗活动中道德与法律之冲突有其产生的理论和现实根源,其实质是利益冲突。合情不合法与合法不合情是道德与法律冲突的两种具体情形。单纯的道德谴责或责任追究无助于,中突的解决,完善法律、提升道德、调适利益是避免及减少冲突的有效途径。     

BETWEEN EXAMPLE AND DOCTRINE Contract Law and Common Morality

In Democracy and Tradition, Jeffrey Stout contends that American constitutional democracy constitutes a well‐functioning moral and political tradition that is not hostile to religion, although it does not depend on any specifically religious claims. I argue that Stout's contention is supported by a consideration of the great common law subject of contracts, as taught to first‐year law students across the United States. First, I demonstrate how contract law can fruitfully be understood as a MacIntyrean tradition. Second, I illustrate the moral richness of this tradition, and the mutually interpreting nature of rules and facts, by close attention to one particularly colorful case, Syester v. Banta. I conclude by suggesting that both religious and secular ethicists might find common law cases in general and contract law cases in particular to be a source of moral reflection that is substantively rich without being religiously divisive.